在Linux中,C++程序可以使用多种进程间通信(IPC)机制来在不同的进程之间传递数据和信息。以下是一些常见的IPC方法:
管道(Pipes):
信号(Signals):
消息队列(Message Queues):
共享内存(Shared Memory):
信号量(Semaphores):
套接字(Sockets):
下面是一些简单的例子,展示了如何在C++中使用这些IPC机制:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int pipefd[2];
char buffer[256];
// 创建匿名管道
if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) {
perror("pipe");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
// 父进程关闭写端,子进程关闭读端
if (fork() == 0) {
close(pipefd[1]); // 子进程关闭写端
read(pipefd[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer)); // 子进程读数据
std::cout << "Child received: " << buffer << std::endl;
close(pipefd[0]);
} else {
close(pipefd[0]); // 父进程关闭读端
const char* message = "Hello from parent!";
write(pipefd[1], message, strlen(message) + 1); // 父进程写数据
close(pipefd[1]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
const char* fifo = "/tmp/myfifo";
mkfifo(fifo, 0666);
int fd = open(fifo, O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) {
perror("open");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
const char* message = "Hello from FIFO!";
write(fd, message, strlen(message) + 1);
char buffer[256];
read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
std::cout << "Received: " << buffer << std::endl;
close(fd);
unlink(fifo);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
int main() {
key_t key = ftok("shmfile", 65);
int shmid = shmget(key, 1024, 0666|IPC_CREAT);
char *str = (char*) shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0);
strcpy(str, "Hello world");
std::cout << "String in memory: " << str << std::endl;
shmdt(str);
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
在使用这些IPC机制时,需要注意同步和互斥的问题,以避免竞态条件和数据不一致。此外,还需要处理可能出现的错误情况,确保程序的健壮性。