在Ubuntu上利用PyTorch进行自然语言处理可按以下步骤操作:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-venv
python3 -m venv pytorch_env
source pytorch_env/bin/activate
pip install torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu # CPU版本
# 若需GPU支持,安装对应CUDA版本的PyTorch(参考)
pip install transformers torchtext spacy
python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm # 英文分词模型
torchtext
加载数据并分词,构建词表和数据加载器。from torchtext.datasets import IMDB
from torchtext.data.utils import get_tokenizer
from torchtext.vocab import build_vocab_from_iterator
tokenizer = get_tokenizer("spacy", language="en_core_web_sm")
train_iter, test_iter = IMDB(split=("train", "test"))
def yield_tokens(data_iter):
for _, text in data_iter:
yield tokenizer(text)
vocab = build_vocab_from_iterator(yield_tokens(train_iter), specials=["<unk>"])
vocab.set_default_index(vocab["<unk>"])
import torch.nn as nn
class TextClassifier(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_dim, hidden_dim, num_class):
super().__init__()
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_dim)
self.lstm = nn.LSTM(embed_dim, hidden_dim, batch_first=True)
self.fc = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, num_class)
def forward(self, text):
embedded = self.embedding(text)
_, (hidden, _) = self.lstm(embedded)
return self.fc(hidden.squeeze(0))
DataLoader
批量训练,计算损失和准确率。Bi-LSTM-CRF
模型,结合torchcrf
库实现。(input_ids, attention_mask, labels)
,标签需按特定格式编码。BartForConditionalGeneration
),输入源语言序列生成目标语言序列。from transformers import BartForConditionalGeneration, BartTokenizer
tokenizer = BartTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/bart-large-mnli")
model = BartForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("facebook/bart-large-mnli")
input_text = "Translate English to French: Hello, how are you?"
inputs = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_length=50)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
transformers
:提供预训练模型(BERT、GPT、T5等)和分词器,支持微调和推理。torchtext
:处理文本数据,包括分词、词表构建、批处理等。spacy
:高效分词和预处理,支持多种语言。.to('cuda')
将模型和数据移至GPU。torch.cuda.amp
)或分布式训练提升效率。参考资料:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]