如何在Debian中实现PostgreSQL高可用性 - 问答

在Debian系统中实现PostgreSQL的高可用性，可以采用多种方法。以下是几种常见的方法：

1. 使用Patroni

Patroni是一个用于管理PostgreSQL高可用性的工具，它使用etcd或Consul作为分布式锁服务。

安装Patroni

首先，确保你的系统上已经安装了etcd或Consul。然后，安装Patroni：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install patroni

配置Patroni

创建一个Patroni配置文件/etc/patroni.yml，并配置你的PostgreSQL集群：

scope: postgresql
name: postgres_master
namespace: /db/
restapi:
  listen: 0.0.0.0:8008
  connect_address: 127.0.0.1:8008
etcd:
  host: 127.0.0.1:2379
  ttl: 60
  loop_wait: 10
  retry_timeout: 10
  maximum_lag_on_failover: 1048576
  postgresql:
    use_pg_rewind: true
    use_slots: true
    parameters:
      wal_level: replica
      max_connections: 100
      hot_standby: on
      synchronous_commit: off
      wal_keep_segments: 8
      max_wal_senders: 4
      wal_sender_timeout: 60
      synchronous_standby_names: '*'
      hot_standby_feedback: on
    data_dir: /var/lib/postgresql/12/main
    pg_hba:
    - host replication replicator 127.0.0.1/32 md5
    - host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5
bootstrap:
  dcs:
    ttl: 30
    loop_wait: 10
    retry_timeout: 10
    maximum_lag_on_failover: 1048576
    postgresql:
      use_pg_rewind: true
      use_slots: true
      parameters:
        wal_level: replica
        max_connections: 100
        hot_standby: on
        synchronous_commit: off
        wal_keep_segments: 8
        max_wal_senders: 4
        wal_sender_timeout: 60
        synchronous_standby_names: '*'
        hot_standby_feedback: on
    data_dir: /var/lib/postgresql/12/main
    pg_hba:
    - host replication replicator 127.0.0.1/32 md5
    - host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5

启动Patroni

启动Patroni服务：

sudo systemctl start patroni

2. 使用Pgpool-II

Pgpool-II是一个用于管理PostgreSQL连接池和高可用性的工具。

安装Pgpool-II

安装Pgpool-II：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install pgpool2

配置Pgpool-II

编辑Pgpool-II配置文件/etc/pgpool2/pgpool.conf，并配置你的PostgreSQL集群：

backend_hostname0 = '192.168.1.1'
backend_port0 = 5432
backend_weight0 = 1
backend_data_directory0 = '/var/lib/postgresql/12/main'
backend_flag0 = 'ALLOW_TO_FAILOVER'

backend_hostname1 = '192.168.1.2'
backend_port1 = 5432
backend_weight1 = 1
backend_data_directory1 = '/var/lib/postgresql/12/main'
backend_flag1 = 'ALLOW_TO_FAILOVER'

load_balance_mode = on
master_slave_mode = on
master_slave_sub_mode = 'stream'
failover_command = '/usr/lib/pgpool2/pcp_failover.sh %d %h %p %D %m %M %P'
failback_command = '/usr/lib/pgpool2/pcp_failback.sh %d %h %p %D %m %M %P'

启动Pgpool-II

启动Pgpool-II服务：

sudo systemctl start pgpool2

3. 使用Keepalived

Keepalived可以用于实现虚拟IP地址的高可用性，结合PostgreSQL的主备复制可以实现高可用性。

安装Keepalived

安装Keepalived：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install keepalived

配置Keepalived

编辑Keepalived配置文件/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf，并配置你的PostgreSQL集群：

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1234
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.1.100
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.1.100 5432 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    nat_mask 255.255.255.0
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.1.1 5432 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 10
            connect_port 5432
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.1.2 5432 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 10
            connect_port 5432
        }
    }
}

启动Keepalived

启动Keepalived服务：

sudo systemctl start keepalived

总结

以上方法都可以实现PostgreSQL的高可用性，选择哪种方法取决于你的具体需求和环境。Patroni和Pgpool-II提供了更高级的功能和更好的管理界面，而Keepalived则更侧重于IP地址的高可用性。

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