Ubuntu Apache配置如何优化PHP性能 - 问答

Optimize PHP Performance in Ubuntu with Apache

To enhance the performance of PHP applications running on Apache in Ubuntu, you need a combination of module tuning, configuration adjustments, and caching strategies. Below are actionable steps categorized for clarity:

1. Enable Essential Apache Modules

Ensure critical modules for PHP and performance optimization are enabled. Run the following commands:

sudo a2enmod rewrite deflate expires  # Enable URL rewriting, compression, and expiration headers
sudo systemctl restart apache2         # Apply changes

These modules reduce server load by compressing content, caching responses, and optimizing request routing.

2. Install and Configure OPcache

OPcache is a must for PHP performance—it caches precompiled script bytecode to eliminate redundant parsing.

Install OPcache:

sudo apt install php-opcache  # For PHP 7.x/8.x (adjust version as needed)

Enable OPcache: Edit /etc/php/7.x/apache2/php.ini (replace 7.x with your PHP version) and set:

[opcache]
zend_extension=opcache.so
opcache.enable=1
opcache.memory_consumption=128  # Memory allocated for opcode cache (MB)
opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8  # Memory for interned strings (MB)
opcache.max_accelerated_files=4000  # Max files to cache
opcache.revalidate_freq=60  # Check file updates every 60 seconds
opcache.fast_shutdown=1  # Faster shutdown process

Restart Apache:
```
sudo systemctl restart apache2
```

OPcache can reduce PHP execution time by up to 50% for dynamic pages.

3. Adjust Apache MPM (Multi-Processing Module)

The MPM determines how Apache handles requests. For PHP, event or prefork (for non-thread-safe PHP) are recommended.

Check Current MPM:
```
apache2ctl -V | grep -i mpm
```

Configure Event MPM (default for modern Apache): Edit /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/mpm_event.conf and adjust:

<IfModule mpm_event_module>
    StartServers          2  # Initial child processes
    MinSpareThreads      25  # Minimum idle threads
    MaxSpareThreads      75  # Maximum idle threads
    ThreadLimit          64  # Max threads per child
    ThreadsPerChild      25  # Threads per child process
    MaxRequestWorkers   150  # Max concurrent requests
    MaxConnectionsPerChild   0  # Unlimited requests per child (0)
</IfModule>

For Prefork MPM (if using non-thread-safe PHP): Edit /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/mpm_prefork.conf:

<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
    StartServers          5
    MinSpareServers       5
    MaxSpareServers      10
    MaxClients          150
    MaxRequestsPerChild   1000  # Restart child after 1000 requests
</IfModule>

Restart Apache:
```
sudo systemctl restart apache2
```

Proper MPM tuning prevents resource exhaustion and improves concurrency.

4. Optimize PHP Configuration

Adjust PHP settings in /etc/php/7.x/apache2/php.ini to balance performance and resource usage:

memory_limit = 128M  # Increase if your app needs more memory (e.g., 256M for heavy apps)
max_execution_time = 30  # Time (seconds) before script timeout (increase for long-running tasks)
upload_max_filesize = 50M  # Max file upload size (adjust per app needs)
post_max_size = 50M  # Max POST data size
display_errors = Off  # Disable in production to avoid exposing sensitive info
log_errors = On  # Log errors to a file
error_log = /var/log/php_errors.log  # Log file location

Restart Apache after changes:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

These settings prevent memory leaks and ensure stable operation under load.

5. Enable Gzip Compression

Compress text-based responses (HTML, CSS, JS) to reduce bandwidth usage. Add to your Apache virtual host or global config (/etc/apache2/apache2.conf):

<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml text/css application/javascript application/json
</IfModule>

Restart Apache to apply:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

Gzip can reduce response sizes by 50–70%, improving page load times.

6. Use PHP-FPM for Better Process Management

PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is more efficient than mod_php for handling concurrent PHP requests.

Install PHP-FPM:

sudo apt install php7.x-fpm  # Replace with your PHP version

Configure Apache to Use PHP-FPM: Edit your virtual host file (e.g., /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf) and add:
```
<FilesMatch \.php$>
    SetHandler "proxy:unix:/run/php/php7.x-fpm.sock|fcgi://localhost"
</FilesMatch>
```

Adjust PHP-FPM Settings: Edit /etc/php/7.x/fpm/pool.d/www.conf:

pm = dynamic  # Dynamic process management
pm.max_children = 50  # Max PHP processes (adjust based on server RAM)
pm.start_servers = 5  # Initial processes
pm.min_spare_servers = 5  # Minimum idle processes
pm.max_spare_servers = 35  # Maximum idle processes
pm.max_requests = 500  # Restart process after 500 requests (prevents memory leaks)

Restart Services:

sudo systemctl restart apache2 php7.x-fpm

PHP-FPM improves scalability and reduces overhead for high-traffic sites.

7. Implement Caching Mechanisms

Reduce database load and speed up dynamic content with caching.

Use Redis for Object Caching: Install Redis and the PHP Redis extension:
```
sudo apt install redis-server php-redis
```
Configure your PHP app (e.g., WordPress, Laravel) to use Redis for caching.
Cache Database Queries: In your app, implement query caching (e.g., WordPress’s WP_Object_Cache) to store frequent query results.
Use a CDN: Offload static assets (images, CSS, JS) to a CDN like Cloudflare to reduce server load and improve delivery speed.

8. Monitor and Analyze Performance

Regularly monitor your server to identify bottlenecks:

System Resources: Use htop or top to track CPU, memory, and disk usage.
Apache Metrics: Use apachetop (install via sudo apt install apachetop) to monitor request rates and response times.
PHP Errors: Check /var/log/php_errors.log for warnings or errors.
Benchmarking: Use tools like ab (Apache Benchmark) to test performance:
```
ab -n 1000 -c 100 http://yourdomain.com/
```
This simulates 100 concurrent users making 1000 requests to your site.

By implementing these optimizations, you can significantly improve the performance of PHP applications on Apache in Ubuntu. Remember to test changes in a staging environment before applying them to production.

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