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java中怎样实现LRU缓存?针对这个问题,这篇文章给出了相对应的分析和解答,希望能帮助更多想解决这个问题的朋友找到更加简单易行的办法。
LRU是Least Recently Used 的缩写,翻译过来就是“最近最少使用”,最近最少使用算法(LRU)是大部分操作系统为最大化页面命中率而广泛采用的一种页面置换算法。该算法的思路是,发生缺页中断时,选择未使用时间最长的页面置换出去。[1]从程序运行的原理来看,最近最少使用算法是比较接近理想的一种页面置换算法,这种算法既充分利用了内存中页面调用的历史信息,又正确反映了程序的局部问题。
比如我们缓存10000条数据,当数据小于10000时可以随意添加,当超过10000时就需要把新的数据添加进来,同时要把过期数据删除,以确保我们最大缓存10000条,那怎么确定删除哪条过期数据呢,采用LRU算法实现的话就是将最老的数据删掉。
下面来说下Java版的LRU缓存实现:
Java里面实现LRU缓存通常有两种选择,一种是使用LinkedHashMap,一种是自己设计数据结构,使用链表+HashMap
LRU Cache的LinkedHashMap实现
LinkedHashMap自身已经实现了顺序存储,默认情况下是按照元素的添加顺序存储,也可以启用按照访问顺序存储,即最近读取的数据放在最前面,最早读取的数据放在最后面,然后它还有一个判断是否删除最老数据的方法,默认是返回false,即不删除数据。
我们使用LinkedHashMap实现LRU缓存的方法就是对LinkedHashMap实现简单的扩展,扩展方式有两种,一种是inheritance,一种是delegation。
//LinkedHashMap的一个构造函数,当参数accessOrder为true时,即会按照访问顺序排序,最近访问的放在最前,最早访问的放在后面 public LinkedHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean accessOrder) { super(initialCapacity, loadFactor); this.accessOrder = accessOrder; } //LinkedHashMap自带的判断是否删除最老的元素方法,默认返回false,即不删除老数据 //我们要做的就是重写这个方法,当满足一定条件时删除老数据 protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) { return false; }
LRU缓存LinkedHashMap(delegation)实现
delegation方式实现更加优雅一些,但是由于没有实现Map接口,所以线程同步就需要自己搞定了
package cn.lzrabbit.structure.lru; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set; /** * Created by liuzhao on 14-5-13. */ public class LRUCache3<K, V> { private final int MAX_CACHE_SIZE; private final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f; LinkedHashMap<K, V> map; public LRUCache3(int cacheSize) { MAX_CACHE_SIZE = cacheSize; //根据cacheSize和加载因子计算hashmap的capactiy,+1确保当达到cacheSize上限时不会触发hashmap的扩容, int capacity = (int) Math.ceil(MAX_CACHE_SIZE / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1; map = new LinkedHashMap(capacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, true) { @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) { return size() > MAX_CACHE_SIZE; } }; } public synchronized void put(K key, V value) { map.put(key, value); } public synchronized V get(K key) { return map.get(key); } public synchronized void remove(K key) { map.remove(key); } public synchronized Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> getAll() { return map.entrySet(); } public synchronized int size() { return map.size(); } public synchronized void clear() { map.clear(); } @Override public String toString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (Map.Entry entry : map.entrySet()) { sb.append(String.format("%s:%s ", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue())); } return sb.toString(); } }
LRU缓存LinkedHashMap(inheritance)实现
采用inheritance方式实现比较简单,而且实现了Map接口,在多线程环境使用时可以使用 Collections.synchronizedMap()方法实现线程安全操作
package cn.lzrabbit.structure.lru; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * Created by liuzhao on 14-5-15. */ public class LRUCache2<K, V> extends LinkedHashMap<K, V> { private final int MAX_CACHE_SIZE; public LRUCache2(int cacheSize) { super((int) Math.ceil(cacheSize / 0.75) + 1, 0.75f, true); MAX_CACHE_SIZE = cacheSize; } @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) { return size() > MAX_CACHE_SIZE; } @Override public String toString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : entrySet()) { sb.append(String.format("%s:%s ", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue())); } return sb.toString(); } }
这样算是比较标准的实现吧,实际使用中这样写还是有些繁琐,更实用的方法时像下面这样写,省去了单独见一个类的麻烦
final int cacheSize = 100; Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>((int) Math.ceil(cacheSize / 0.75f) + 1, 0.75f, true) { @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<String, String> eldest) { return size() > cacheSize; } };
LRU Cache的链表+HashMap实现
注:此实现为非线程安全,若在多线程环境下使用需要在相关方法上添加synchronized以实现线程安全操作
package cn.lzrabbit.structure.lru; import java.util.HashMap; /** * Created by liuzhao on 14-5-12. */ public class LRUCache1<K, V> { private final int MAX_CACHE_SIZE; private Entry first; private Entry last; private HashMap<K, Entry<K, V>> hashMap; public LRUCache1(int cacheSize) { MAX_CACHE_SIZE = cacheSize; hashMap = new HashMap<K, Entry<K, V>>(); } public void put(K key, V value) { Entry entry = getEntry(key); if (entry == null) { if (hashMap.size() >= MAX_CACHE_SIZE) { hashMap.remove(last.key); removeLast(); } entry = new Entry(); entry.key = key; } entry.value = value; moveToFirst(entry); hashMap.put(key, entry); } public V get(K key) { Entry<K, V> entry = getEntry(key); if (entry == null) return null; moveToFirst(entry); return entry.value; } public void remove(K key) { Entry entry = getEntry(key); if (entry != null) { if (entry.pre != null) entry.pre.next = entry.next; if (entry.next != null) entry.next.pre = entry.pre; if (entry == first) first = entry.next; if (entry == last) last = entry.pre; } hashMap.remove(key); } private void moveToFirst(Entry entry) { if (entry == first) return; if (entry.pre != null) entry.pre.next = entry.next; if (entry.next != null) entry.next.pre = entry.pre; if (entry == last) last = last.pre; if (first == null || last == null) { first = last = entry; return; } entry.next = first; first.pre = entry; first = entry; entry.pre = null; } private void removeLast() { if (last != null) { last = last.pre; if (last == null) first = null; else last.next = null; } } private Entry<K, V> getEntry(K key) { return hashMap.get(key); } @Override public String toString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); Entry entry = first; while (entry != null) { sb.append(String.format("%s:%s ", entry.key, entry.value)); entry = entry.next; } return sb.toString(); } class Entry<K, V> { public Entry pre; public Entry next; public K key; public V value; } }
LinkedHashMap的FIFO实现
FIFO是First Input First Output的缩写,也就是常说的先入先出,默认情况下LinkedHashMap就是按照添加顺序保存,我们只需重写下removeEldestEntry方法即可轻松实现一个FIFO缓存,简化版的实现代码如下
final int cacheSize = 5; LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lru = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>() { @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<Integer, String> eldest) { return size() > cacheSize; } };
调用示例
测试代码
package cn.lzrabbit.structure.lru; import cn.lzrabbit.ITest; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * Created by liuzhao on 14-5-15. */ public class LRUCacheTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { System.out.println("start..."); lruCache1(); lruCache2(); lruCache3(); lruCache4(); System.out.println("over..."); } static void lruCache1() { System.out.println(); System.out.println("===========================LRU 链表实现==========================="); LRUCache1<Integer, String> lru = new LRUCache1(5); lru.put(1, "11"); lru.put(2, "11"); lru.put(3, "11"); lru.put(4, "11"); lru.put(5, "11"); System.out.println(lru.toString()); lru.put(6, "66"); lru.get(2); lru.put(7, "77"); lru.get(4); System.out.println(lru.toString()); System.out.println(); } static <T> void lruCache2() { System.out.println(); System.out.println("===========================LRU LinkedHashMap(inheritance)实现==========================="); LRUCache2<Integer, String> lru = new LRUCache2(5); lru.put(1, "11"); lru.put(2, "11"); lru.put(3, "11"); lru.put(4, "11"); lru.put(5, "11"); System.out.println(lru.toString()); lru.put(6, "66"); lru.get(2); lru.put(7, "77"); lru.get(4); System.out.println(lru.toString()); System.out.println(); } static void lruCache3() { System.out.println(); System.out.println("===========================LRU LinkedHashMap(delegation)实现==========================="); LRUCache3<Integer, String> lru = new LRUCache3(5); lru.put(1, "11"); lru.put(2, "11"); lru.put(3, "11"); lru.put(4, "11"); lru.put(5, "11"); System.out.println(lru.toString()); lru.put(6, "66"); lru.get(2); lru.put(7, "77"); lru.get(4); System.out.println(lru.toString()); System.out.println(); } static void lruCache4() { System.out.println(); System.out.println("===========================FIFO LinkedHashMap默认实现==========================="); final int cacheSize = 5; LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lru = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>() { @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<Integer, String> eldest) { return size() > cacheSize; } }; lru.put(1, "11"); lru.put(2, "11"); lru.put(3, "11"); lru.put(4, "11"); lru.put(5, "11"); System.out.println(lru.toString()); lru.put(6, "66"); lru.get(2); lru.put(7, "77"); lru.get(4); System.out.println(lru.toString()); System.out.println(); } }
运行结果
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\bin\java" -Didea.launcher.port=7535 "-Didea.launcher.bin.path=C:\Program Files (x86)\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 13.0.2\bin" -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\charsets.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\deploy.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\javaws.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\jce.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\jsse.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\plugin.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\resources.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\rt.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_10\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;D:\SVN\projects\Java\Java.Algorithm\target\test-classes;D:\SVN\projects\Java\Java.Algorithm\target\classes;C:\Program Files (x86)\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 13.0.2\lib\idea_rt.jar" com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain Main start... ===========================LRU 链表实现=========================== 5:11 4:11 3:11 2:11 1:11 4:11 7:77 2:11 6:66 5:11 ===========================LRU LinkedHashMap(inheritance)实现=========================== 1:11 2:11 3:11 4:11 5:11 5:11 6:66 2:11 7:77 4:11 ===========================LRU LinkedHashMap(delegation)实现=========================== 1:11 2:11 3:11 4:11 5:11 5:11 6:66 2:11 7:77 4:11 ===========================FIFO LinkedHashMap默认实现=========================== {1=11, 2=11, 3=11, 4=11, 5=11} {3=11, 4=11, 5=11, 6=66, 7=77} over... Process finished with exit code 0
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