python实现大学人员管理系统

import datetime

class PersonValueError(ValueError):
 pass
class PersonTypeError(TypeError):
 pass

class Person:
 _num = 0
 # 类属性，这个属性在类内使用（_X)属性一般默认只能在类内使用
 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, ident):
 if not (isinstance(name, str) and sex in ("女", "男")):
  raise PersonValueError(name, sex)
  # 用于检查输入时的实参是否符合要求
 try:
  birthday = datetime.date(*birthday)
  # *birthday表示其参数是一个可迭代的对象（元祖，列表等）
  # 返回一个日期对象（year,month,day)，这个date类的
  # 构造函数会检查输入年月日的合法性
 except:
  raise PersonValueError("wrong date:", birthday)
 self._name = name
 self._sex = sex
 self._birthday = birthday
 self._id = ident
 Person._num += 1

 def id(self):return self._id
 def name(self):return self._name
 def sex(self):return self._sex
 def birthday(self):return self._birthday
 def age(self): return (datetime.date.today().year - self._birthday.year)
 # 用于获取一个单体的某个信息
 # 算出年龄（today方法的year属性用于给出今年)
 def set_name(self, name): # 修改名字
 if not isinstance(name, str):
  raise PersonValueError("set_name", name)
 self._name = name
 # 用于修改名字
 def __lt__(self, another):
 # 当实例出现在小于号两边时会自动调用
 # 类似的有：__gt__: 大于; __le__:小于等于; __ge__: 大于等于；
 # __eq__: 等于； __ne__: 不等于
 if not isinstance(another, Person):
  raise PersonTypeError(another)
 return self._id < self._id
 # 用于之后的排序使用
 
 @classmethod
 def num(cls):
 return Person._num

 def __str__(self):
 return " ".join((str(self._id), self._name, self._sex, str(self._birthday)))
 # 运算重载符：当实例出现在print函数中时，自动调用这个方法

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join(("编号：" + str(self._id),
    "姓名：" + self._name,
    "性别：" + self._sex,
    "出生日期：" + str(self._birthday)))

#
# p1 = Person("谢雨洁", "女", (1995, 7, 30), 1201510111)
# p2 = Person("汪力强", "男", (1990, 2, 17), 1201380324)
# p3 = Person("张子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 14), 3331747032)
# p4 = Person("李国栋", "男", (1962, 5, 24), 1293848593)
#
# plist = [p1, p2, p3, p4]
# for p in plist:
# print(p)
# # 这里就会直接调用实例方法__str__
#
# print("\nAfter sorting:")
# plist.sort()
# # 这里就调用的运算重载符__lt__（很重要的一个知识点，如何通过实例方法实现对类多个实例进行排序）
# for p in plist:
# print(p.details())
#
# print("people created:", Person.num(), "\n")

class Student(Person):
 _id_num = 0
 
 # 下面这个类方法可以说是很经典的使用，对于初学者来说，对于深入理解类有帮助
 @classmethod
 **def _id_gen(cls):
 # 自动生成学号的类内部函数（该函数只在类的内部调用）
 cls._id_num += 1
 year = datetime.date.today().year
 return "1{:04}{:05}".format(year, cls._id_num)
 # 后面的04， 05代表是位数，不足前面补零**

 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, department):
 Person.__init__(self, name, sex, birthday, Student._id_gen())
 # 这里通过调用之前基类的初始化函数
 # 这里调用了之前定义的生成学号的类方法
 self._department = department
 self._enroll_date = datetime.date.today()
 self._courses = {} #实例属性用来记录该学生的课程以及成绩

 def set_course(self, course_name):
 self._courses[course_name] = None
 # 输入所有的课程

 def set_score(self, course_name, score):
 if course_name not in self._courses:
  raise PersonValueError("No this course selected:",
     course_name)
 self._courses[course_name] = score
 # 当然我们对于学生的档案里首先时学生要挑选好课程，然后才有分数
 # 首先判断课程在不在已选的课程表里，然后再是给他输入分数

 def scores(self):
 return [(cname, self._courses[cname])
  for cname in self._courses]
 # 将课程和分数用元祖的形式输出

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join((Person.details(self),
    "入学日期：" + str(self._enroll_date),
    "院系：" + self._department,
    "课程记录：" + str(self.scores())))

# p1 = Student("谢雨洁", "女", (1995, 7, 30), "Physics")
# p2 = Student("汪力强", "男", (1990, 2, 17), "Mathematics")
# p3 = Student("张子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 14), "English")
# p4 = Student("李国栋", "男", (1962, 5, 24), "Comp.Sci")
#
# print(p1.details())
# print(p1) # 继承的基类Person的方法

class Staff(Person):
 _id_num = 0
 @classmethod
 def _id_gen(cls, birthday):
 cls._id_num += 1
 birth_year = datetime.date(*birthday).year
 return "0{:04}{:05}".format(birth_year, cls._id_num)

 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, entry_date=None):
 super().__init__(name, sex, birthday,Staff._id_gen(birthday))
 if entry_date:
  try:
  self._entry_date = datetime.date(*entry_date)
  except:
  raise PersonValueError("Wrong date:", entry_date)
 else:
  self._entry_date = datetime.date.today()
 self._salary = 1720
 self._department = "未定"
 self._position = "未定"

 def set_salary(self, amount):
 if not type(amount) is int:
  raise TypeError
 self._salary = amount

 def set_position(self, position):
 self._position = position
 def set_department(self, department):
 self._department = department

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join((super().details(),
    "入职时间：" + str(self._entry_date),
    "院系：" + self._department,
    "职位：" + self._position,
    "工资：" + str(self._salary)))

p1 = Staff("张子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 16))
p2 = Staff("李国栋", "男", (1962, 5, 24))

print(p1)
print(p2)

p1.set_department("数学")
p1.set_position("副教授")
p1.set_salary(8400)

print(p1.details())
print(p2.details())