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C++11中的多线程初探是怎样的,针对这个问题,这篇文章详细介绍了相对应的分析和解答,希望可以帮助更多想解决这个问题的小伙伴找到更简单易行的方法。
相信 Linux 程序员都用过 Pthread, 但有了 C++11 的 std::thread 以后,你可以在语言层面编写多线程程序了,直接的好处就是多线程程序的可移植性得到了很大的提高,所以作为一名 C++ 程序员,熟悉 C++11 的多线程编程方式还是很有益处的。
如果你对 C++11 不太熟悉,我也收集了一些关于C++11的资料,供大家查阅:
资料汇http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/
C++0x/C++11 Support in GCC:http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html
What is C++0x:https://www2.research.att.com/~bs/what-is-2009.pdf
Overview of the New C++:http://www.artima.com/shop/overview_of_the_new_cpp
Overview of the New C++ (C++0x).pdf:http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/20120005.html?from=likeA Brief Look at C++0x:http://www.artima.com/cppsource/cpp0x.html
Summary of C++11 Feature Availability in gcc and MSVC:http://www.aristeia.com/C++11/C++11FeatureAvailability.htm
C++ 11: Come Closer:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/344282/Cplusplus-11-Come-Closer
C++11 threads, locks and condition variables: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/598695/Cplusplus11-threads-locks-and-condition-variables
Move Semantics and Perfect Forwarding in C++11:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/397492/Move-Semantics-and-Perfect-Forwarding-in-Cplusplus
http://solarianprogrammer.com/categories/C++11/
C++11 Concurrency:http://www.baptiste-wicht.com/2012/03/cpp11-concurrency-part1-start-threads/
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/misc_slides/sfacm-cleaned.pdf
http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread
http://isocpp.org/blog/2012/12/c11-a-cheat-sheet-alex-sinyakov
The Biggest Changes in C++11:http://blog.smartbear.com/c-plus-plus/the-biggest-changes-in-c11-and-why-you-should-care/
Ten C++11 Features Every C++ Developer Should Use:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/570638/Ten-Cplusplus11-Features-Every-Cplusplus-Developer
C++11 – A Glance [part 1 of n]:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/312029/Cplusplus11-A-Glance-part-1-of-n
C++11 – A Glance [part 2 of n]:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/314415/Cplusplus11-A-Glance-part-2-of-n
C++11(及现代C++风格)和快速迭代式开发:http://mindhacks.cn/2012/08/27/modern-cpp-practices/
Lambda Functions in C++11 - the Definitive Guide:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/c++11-lambda-closures.html
Better types in C++11 - nullptr, enum classes (strongly typed enumerations) and cstdint:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/c++11-nullptr-strongly-typed-enum-class.html
Rvalue-references-and-move-semantics-in-c++11:http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/rvalue-references-and-move-semantics-in-c++11.html
http://www.gotw.ca/publications/index.htm
http://www.devx.com/SpecialReports/Door/38865
Multi-threading in C++0x:http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1584
C++ 0X feature summary cheat sheat:http://www.iesensor.com/blog/2011/05/31/c-0x-feature-summary-cheat-sheat/
Multithreading in C++0x part 1: Starting Threads:http://www.justsoftwaresolutions.co.uk/threading/multithreading-in-c++0x-part-1-starting-threads.html
http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/multithreading/
好了,下面来说正题吧
与 C++11 多线程相关的头文件
C++11 新标准中引入了四个头文件来支持多线程编程,他们分别是<atomic> ,<thread>,<mutex>,<condition_variable>和<future>。
<atomic>:该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag,另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。 <thread>:该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类,另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。 <mutex>:该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类,包括 std::mutex 系列类,std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。 <condition_variable>:该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类,包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。 <future>:该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类,以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类,另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数,std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。
std::thread "Hello world"
下面是一个最简单的使用 std::thread 类的例子:
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <iostream> // std::cout#include <thread> // std::threadvoid thread_task() { std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl;}/* * === FUNCTION ========================================================= * Name: main * Description: program entry routine. * ======================================================================== */int main(int argc, const char *argv[]){ std::thread t(thread_task); t.join(); return EXIT_SUCCESS;} /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
Makefile 如下:
all:ThreadCC=g++CPPFLAGS=-Wall -std=c++11 -ggdbLDFLAGS=-pthreadThread:Thread.o $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^Thread.o:Thread.cc $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $@ -c $^.PHONY: cleanclean: rm Thread.o Thread
注意在 Linux GCC4.6 环境下,编译时需要加 -pthread,否则执行时会出现:
$ ./Threadterminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::system_error' what(): Operation not permittedAborted (core dumped)
原因是 GCC 默认没有加载 pthread 库,据说在后续的版本中可以不用在编译时添加 -pthread 选项。
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