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# 如何用Python和Flask框架开发以太坊智能合约
## 目录
1. [区块链与智能合约基础](#1-区块链与智能合约基础)
2. [开发环境搭建](#2-开发环境搭建)
3. [Solidity智能合约开发](#3-solidity智能合约开发)
4. [Python与Web3.py交互](#4-python与web3py交互)
5. [Flask后端服务构建](#5-flask后端服务构建)
6. [前端界面设计与集成](#6-前端界面设计与集成)
7. [项目部署与测试](#7-项目部署与测试)
8. [安全最佳实践](#8-安全最佳实践)
9. [总结与扩展](#9-总结与扩展)
---
## 1. 区块链与智能合约基础
### 1.1 区块链技术概述
区块链是一种分布式账本技术,其核心特征包括:
- 去中心化架构
- 不可篡改的数据记录
- 共识机制(PoW/PoS等)
- 智能合约执行环境
### 1.2 以太坊平台特点
- EVM(以太坊虚拟机)
- Gas费用机制
- ERC标准(ERC-20/ERC-721等)
- 账户模型(EOA/合约账户)
### 1.3 智能合约开发范式
```solidity
// 基本合约结构示例
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract SimpleStorage {
uint storedData;
function set(uint x) public {
storedData = x;
}
function get() public view returns (uint) {
return storedData;
}
}
# 基础环境
sudo apt install python3-pip nodejs npm
# Python依赖
pip install web3 flask flask-cors
# Solidity编译器
npm install -g solc
# web3.py连接配置
from web3 import Web3
w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider('http://127.0.0.1:8545')) # Ganache
print(f"Connected: {w3.isConnected()}")
// contracts/Voting.sol
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Voting {
mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public votesReceived;
bytes32[] public candidateList;
constructor(bytes32[] memory candidateNames) {
candidateList = candidateNames;
}
function voteForCandidate(bytes32 candidate) public {
require(validCandidate(candidate));
votesReceived[candidate] += 1;
}
function validCandidate(bytes32 candidate) view public returns (bool) {
for(uint i = 0; i < candidateList.length; i++) {
if (candidateList[i] == candidate) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
# compile_contract.py
import json
from solcx import compile_standard
with open('Voting.sol') as f:
contract_source = f.read()
compiled_sol = compile_standard({
"language": "Solidity",
"sources": {"Voting.sol": {"content": contract_source}},
"settings": {
"outputSelection": {
"*": {"*": ["abi", "evm.bytecode"]}
}
}
})
# 保存ABI和字节码
with open('compiled_code.json', 'w') as f:
json.dump(compiled_sol, f)
from web3 import Web3
w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider('http://localhost:8545'))
contract_address = "0x123..."
with open('compiled_code.json') as f:
compiled = json.load(f)
abi = compiled['contracts']['Voting.sol']['Voting']['abi']
contract = w3.eth.contract(address=contract_address, abi=abi)
# 读取数据(call)
candidates = contract.functions.candidateList().call()
# 写入数据(transact)
account = w3.eth.accounts[0]
tx_hash = contract.functions.voteForCandidate(b'Alice').transact({
'from': account,
'gas': 100000
})
receipt = w3.eth.waitForTransactionReceipt(tx_hash)
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/candidates', methods=['GET'])
def get_candidates():
candidates = [c.decode('utf-8') for c in contract.functions.candidateList().call()]
return jsonify({'candidates': candidates})
@app.route('/vote', methods=['POST'])
def vote():
data = request.get_json()
tx_hash = contract.functions.voteForCandidate(data['candidate'].encode()).transact({
'from': w3.eth.accounts[0]
})
return jsonify({'tx_hash': tx_hash.hex()})
# 合约中定义事件
event VoteCast(address indexed voter, bytes32 candidate);
# Python事件处理
def handle_event(event):
print(f"New vote: {event['args']['voter']} voted for {event['args']['candidate']}")
event_filter = contract.events.VoteCast.createFilter(fromBlock='latest')
while True:
for event in event_filter.get_new_entries():
handle_event(event)
time.sleep(2)
<!-- templates/index.html -->
<div id="app">
<h1>Voting DApp</h1>
<div v-for="c in candidates">
{{ c }}: {{ votes[c] }}
<button @click="vote(c)">Vote</button>
</div>
</div>
// static/app.js
fetch('/candidates')
.then(res => res.json())
.then(data => {
vueApp.candidates = data.candidates;
});
function vote(candidate) {
fetch('/vote', {
method: 'POST',
headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
body: JSON.stringify({candidate: candidate})
}).then(/* 处理响应 */);
}
# 使用Gunicorn部署Flask
gunicorn -w 4 -b :5000 app:app
# 配置Nginx反向代理
location / {
proxy_pass http://localhost:5000;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
# test_contract.py
def test_voting():
initial_votes = contract.functions.votesReceived(b'Alice').call()
contract.functions.voteForCandidate(b'Alice').transact({'from': w3.eth.accounts[0]})
assert contract.functions.votesReceived(b'Alice').call() == initial_votes + 1
注:本文为技术概要,完整实现需约12000字,包含详细代码示例、配置说明、原理图解和故障排查等内容。实际开发中请根据具体需求调整架构设计。 “`
这篇文章框架包含了从基础概念到实际开发的完整路径,您可以通过以下方式扩展内容: 1. 每个章节添加详细原理说明 2. 增加图表和架构示意图 3. 补充错误处理案例 4. 添加性能优化建议 5. 包含实际项目经验总结
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