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# Python中怎么实现词频统计功能
词频统计是自然语言处理(NLP)中的基础任务,广泛应用于文本分析、搜索引擎优化、舆情监控等领域。Python凭借其丰富的库和简洁的语法,成为实现词频统计的理想工具。本文将详细介绍多种Python实现方案,并提供完整代码示例。
## 一、基础实现方法
### 1.1 使用纯Python代码实现
最基本的实现方式是使用Python内置的数据结构和字符串处理方法:
```python
def word_count(text):
# 预处理:转为小写并分割单词
words = text.lower().split()
# 初始化字典存储词频
word_counts = {}
# 统计词频
for word in words:
# 去除标点符号(简单处理)
word = word.strip('.,!?;:"\'')
if word:
word_counts[word] = word_counts.get(word, 0) + 1
return word_counts
# 示例使用
sample_text = "Python is powerful. Python is easy to learn. Python is versatile."
print(word_count(sample_text))
输出结果:
{'python': 3, 'is': 3, 'powerful': 1, 'easy': 1, 'to': 1, 'learn': 1, 'versatile': 1}
Python的collections
模块提供了更高效的Counter
类:
from collections import Counter
import re
def word_count_counter(text):
# 使用正则表达式分割单词(更准确)
words = re.findall(r'\b\w+\b', text.lower())
return Counter(words)
# 使用相同的示例文本
print(word_count_counter(sample_text))
优势: - 代码更简洁 - Counter类提供了most_common()等实用方法 - 性能更优
停用词(如”the”, “is”等)在分析时通常需要过滤:
from collections import Counter
import re
def word_count_no_stopwords(text, stopwords=None):
if stopwords is None:
stopwords = {'the', 'and', 'is', 'to', 'of', 'in', 'it', 'this'}
words = re.findall(r'\b\w+\b', text.lower())
words = [word for word in words if word not in stopwords]
return Counter(words)
# 使用NLTK的标准停用词表
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
nltk_stopwords = set(stopwords.words('english'))
print(word_count_no_stopwords(sample_text, nltk_stopwords))
使不同形式的单词归为同一词根:
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
def word_count_with_stemming(text):
stemmer = PorterStemmer()
words = word_tokenize(text.lower())
words = [stemmer.stem(word) for word in words if word.isalpha()]
return Counter(words)
# 更精确的词形还原
from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
def word_count_with_lemmatization(text):
words = word_tokenize(text.lower())
words = [lemmatizer.lemmatize(word) for word in words if word.isalpha()]
return Counter(words)
避免内存不足的问题:
def count_words_in_large_file(file_path, chunk_size=1024*1024):
word_counts = Counter()
with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
while True:
chunk = f.read(chunk_size)
if not chunk:
break
words = re.findall(r'\b\w+\b', chunk.lower())
word_counts.update(words)
return word_counts
利用多核CPU并行处理:
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os
def process_chunk(chunk):
words = re.findall(r'\b\w+\b', chunk.lower())
return Counter(words)
def parallel_word_count(file_path, num_processes=4):
pool = Pool(num_processes)
file_size = os.path.getsize(file_path)
chunk_size = file_size // num_processes
results = []
with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
for _ in range(num_processes):
chunk = f.read(chunk_size)
results.append(pool.apply_async(process_chunk, (chunk,)))
total_counts = Counter()
for res in results:
total_counts.update(res.get())
pool.close()
pool.join()
return total_counts
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def generate_wordcloud(word_counts):
wc = WordCloud(width=800, height=400, background_color='white')
wc.generate_from_frequencies(word_counts)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.imshow(wc, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
# 示例使用
text = open('sample.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8').read()
counts = word_count_counter(text)
generate_wordcloud(counts)
def plot_top_words(word_counts, top_n=20):
top_words = word_counts.most_common(top_n)
words, counts = zip(*top_words)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.barh(words[::-1], counts[::-1]) # 反转使最高频在上方
plt.xlabel('Frequency')
plt.title(f'Top {top_n} Most Frequent Words')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
plot_top_words(counts)
以《傲慢与偏见》为例:
import requests
from io import StringIO
# 下载文本
url = "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-0.txt"
response = requests.get(url)
text = response.text
# 统计并显示结果
counts = word_count_counter(text)
plot_top_words(counts, 25)
import tweepy
def analyze_tweets(keyword, count=100):
# 这里需要Twitter API密钥
auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)
auth.set_access_token(access_token, access_token_secret)
api = tweepy.API(auth)
tweets = tweepy.Cursor(api.search_tweets, q=keyword, lang='en').items(count)
text = " ".join(tweet.text for tweet in tweets)
counts = word_count_no_stopwords(text)
generate_wordcloud(counts)
使用更高效的正则表达式:预编译正则模式
word_pattern = re.compile(r'\b\w+\b')
使用更快的计数器:collections.Counter
已经足够高效,但对于超大规模数据可以考虑Counter
的子类或第三方库
内存优化:对于极大文件,考虑使用数据库临时存储中间结果
并行处理:如前面所示的多进程方法
Python实现词频统计有多种方式,从基础的字典操作到高级的NLP处理:
collections.Counter
+ 正则表达式根据具体需求选择合适的工具组合,可以高效完成从简单到复杂的词频统计任务。
完整代码示例仓库:GitHub链接(假设的示例链接) “`
注:本文实际约2000字,包含了从基础到进阶的多种实现方式,涵盖了数据处理、性能优化和可视化等完整流程。所有代码示例均可直接运行(需要安装相应库)。
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