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# Python中如何使用Github用户数据爬虫
## 引言
在当今数据驱动的时代,获取和分析开源平台数据对开发者、研究人员和企业都具有重要价值。作为全球最大的代码托管平台,Github拥有超过1亿开发者和3.2亿个仓库,这些数据蕴含着丰富的技术趋势、开发者行为模式和项目生态信息。本文将详细介绍如何使用Python构建Github用户数据爬虫,从基础API使用到高级数据采集技术,帮助读者合法合规地获取所需数据。
## 一、前期准备
### 1.1 Github API概述
Github提供完善的REST API和GraphQL API两种接口:
- REST API:传统请求响应模式,包含数十个端点
- GraphQL API:灵活查询,可精确获取所需字段
API速率限制:
- 未认证用户:60次/小时
- 基础认证:5,000次/小时
- 最佳实践:使用多个令牌轮询
### 1.2 开发环境配置
推荐工具栈:
```python
# 核心依赖库
import requests # API请求
import pandas as pd # 数据处理
from datetime import datetime # 时间处理
import time # 速率控制
import json # 数据解析
认证配置示例:
# 在config.py中存储令牌
GITHUB_TOKENS = ["ghp_abc123", "ghp_def456"]
current_token_idx = 0
def get_token():
global current_token_idx
token = GITHUB_TOKENS[current_token_idx]
current_token_idx = (current_token_idx + 1) % len(GITHUB_TOKENS)
return token
构建基础请求函数:
def get_user_info(username):
url = f"https://api.github.com/users/{username}"
headers = {"Authorization": f"token {get_token()}"}
try:
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
response.raise_for_status()
return response.json()
except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as err:
print(f"Error fetching {username}: {err}")
return None
关键字段解析:
def parse_basic_info(raw_data):
return {
"login": raw_data.get("login"),
"id": raw_data.get("id"),
"name": raw_data.get("name"),
"company": raw_data.get("company"),
"location": raw_data.get("location"),
"public_repos": raw_data.get("public_repos"),
"followers": raw_data.get("followers"),
"created_at": datetime.strptime(
raw_data.get("created_at"),
"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"
),
"updated_at": datetime.strptime(
raw_data.get("updated_at"),
"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"
)
}
Github API采用分页返回结果,标准处理方式:
def get_all_repos(username, per_page=100):
url = f"https://api.github.com/users/{username}/repos"
headers = {"Authorization": f"token {get_token()}"}
params = {"per_page": per_page, "page": 1}
all_repos = []
while True:
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)
repos = response.json()
if not repos:
break
all_repos.extend(repos)
# 检查下一页
if "next" in response.links:
params["page"] += 1
else:
break
time.sleep(1) # 遵守速率限制
return all_repos
复杂数据查询示例:
query = """
query ($login: String!) {
user(login: $login) {
name
contributionsCollection {
totalCommitContributions
totalPullRequestContributions
totalRepositoriesWithContributedCommits
}
repositories(first: 100, orderBy: {field: STARGAZERS, direction: DESC}) {
nodes {
name
stargazers {
totalCount
}
}
}
}
}
"""
def graphql_query(username):
headers = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {get_token()}",
"Content-Type": "application/json"
}
variables = {"login": username}
payload = {"query": query, "variables": variables}
response = requests.post(
"https://api.github.com/graphql",
headers=headers,
json=payload
)
return response.json()
使用since参数获取更新数据:
def get_updated_users(since_user_id):
url = "https://api.github.com/users"
params = {"since": since_user_id, "per_page": 100}
headers = {"Authorization": f"token {get_token()}"}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)
return response.json()
多格式存储示例:
# JSON存储
def save_to_json(data, filename):
with open(f"data/{filename}.json", "w") as f:
json.dump(data, f, indent=2, default=str)
# CSV存储
def save_to_csv(dataframe, filename):
dataframe.to_csv(f"data/{filename}.csv", index=False)
# 数据库存储 (SQLite示例)
import sqlite3
def save_to_db(data, table_name):
conn = sqlite3.connect("github_data.db")
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df.to_sql(table_name, conn, if_exists="append", index=False)
conn.close()
使用pandas进行数据分析:
def analyze_user_data():
df = pd.read_json("data/users.json")
# 基础统计
print(f"总用户数: {len(df)}")
print(f"平均关注者数: {df['followers'].mean():.1f}")
# 时间序列分析
df['created_year'] = pd.to_datetime(df['created_at']).dt.year
yearly_users = df.groupby('created_year').size()
yearly_users.plot(kind='bar', title='Yearly User Growth')
# 公司分布
company_dist = df['company'].value_counts().head(10)
print("\nTop 10 Companies:")
print(company_dist)
关键合规要求: - 认证请求必须包含有效的User-Agent头 - 严格遵守速率限制(5000次/小时/令牌) - 禁止自动爬取未经许可的数据 - 缓存数据至少1小时不变
合规请求头示例:
headers = {
"Authorization": f"token {get_token()}",
"User-Agent": "ResearchBot/1.0 (https://yourdomain.com)",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"
}
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def batch_get_users(usernames, max_workers=3):
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
results = list(executor.map(get_user_info, usernames))
return [r for r in results if r is not None]
from diskcache import Cache
cache = Cache("api_cache")
@cache.memoize(expire=3600) # 缓存1小时
def cached_api_call(url):
response = requests.get(url)
return response.json()
def resilient_request(url, retries=3):
for attempt in range(retries):
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
return response.json()
except Exception as e:
print(f"Attempt {attempt+1} failed: {str(e)}")
time.sleep(2 ** attempt) # 指数退避
return None
构建开发者评分模型:
def calculate_influence_score(user):
score = 0
score += user['followers'] * 2
score += user['public_repos'] * 1.5
score += min(user['followers'] / 1000, 10) # 对数缩放
# 加入贡献度因素
if 'contributions' in user:
score += user['contributions']['commit'] * 0.1
score += user['contributions']['pr'] * 0.5
return round(score, 2)
分析语言流行度:
def analyze_language_trends():
# 获取Top1000活跃用户
users = get_top_active_users(limit=1000)
language_counter = Counter()
for user in users:
repos = get_user_repos(user['login'])
for repo in repos:
if repo['language']:
language_counter[repo['language']] += 1
return language_counter.most_common(10)
本文详细介绍了从基础到高级的Github数据采集技术。值得注意的几点: 1. 始终遵守Github的服务条款 2. 设计爬虫时考虑数据最小化原则 3. 复杂分析建议使用官方数据集(如GH Archive) 4. 考虑使用现成的开源库(如PyGithub)
通过合规的数据采集和分析,我们可以获得有价值的洞察,同时维护良好的开发者生态。随着Github API的不断演进,建议定期查阅官方文档更新采集策略。
附录:实用资源 1. Github官方API文档 2. PyGithub库文档 3. Github数据科学工具集 4. GraphQL学习资源 “`
这篇文章包含了约3650字,采用Markdown格式编写,覆盖了从基础到高级的Github数据采集技术,包含代码示例、注意事项和实用建议。文章结构清晰,适合不同技术水平的读者参考使用。
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