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在现代软件开发中,表达式编译器是一个非常重要的工具,它允许开发者在运行时动态地编译和执行代码。C#作为一种强类型、面向对象的编程语言,其表达式编译器的实现具有很高的实用价值。本文将详细介绍如何实现一个开源的纯C#表达式编译器,包括其核心原理、设计思路、实现步骤以及优化策略。
表达式编译器是一种将表达式(如数学表达式、逻辑表达式等)转换为可执行代码的工具。它通常用于动态计算、规则引擎、脚本执行等场景。
词法分析是将输入的表达式字符串分解为一系列标记(Token)的过程。每个标记代表一个语法单元,如数字、运算符、变量等。
语法分析是将词法分析生成的标记序列转换为抽象语法树(AST)的过程。AST是表达式结构的树形表示,便于后续的语义分析和代码生成。
语义分析是对AST进行类型检查、变量解析等操作,确保表达式的语义正确性。
代码生成是将AST转换为可执行代码的过程。在C#中,通常使用System.Linq.Expressions
命名空间中的类来生成表达式树,并通过Expression.Compile
方法将其编译为委托。
将表达式编译器分为多个模块,如词法分析器、语法分析器、语义分析器和代码生成器,每个模块负责特定的功能。
设计时应考虑未来的扩展需求,如支持新的运算符、函数调用等。
在实现过程中,应关注性能优化,如缓存编译结果、减少内存分配等。
public enum TokenType
{
Number,
Identifier,
Operator,
LeftParenthesis,
RightParenthesis,
Comma,
EndOfInput
}
public class Token
{
public TokenType Type { get; }
public string Value { get; }
public Token(TokenType type, string value)
{
Type = type;
Value = value;
}
}
public class Lexer
{
private readonly string _input;
private int _position;
public Lexer(string input)
{
_input = input;
_position = 0;
}
public Token NextToken()
{
while (_position < _input.Length && char.IsWhiteSpace(_input[_position]))
{
_position++;
}
if (_position >= _input.Length)
{
return new Token(TokenType.EndOfInput, string.Empty);
}
char currentChar = _input[_position];
if (char.IsDigit(currentChar))
{
return ReadNumber();
}
if (char.IsLetter(currentChar))
{
return ReadIdentifier();
}
if (currentChar == '(')
{
_position++;
return new Token(TokenType.LeftParenthesis, "(");
}
if (currentChar == ')')
{
_position++;
return new Token(TokenType.RightParenthesis, ")");
}
if (currentChar == ',')
{
_position++;
return new Token(TokenType.Comma, ",");
}
if (IsOperator(currentChar))
{
return ReadOperator();
}
throw new Exception($"Unexpected character: {currentChar}");
}
private Token ReadNumber()
{
int start = _position;
while (_position < _input.Length && char.IsDigit(_input[_position]))
{
_position++;
}
string value = _input.Substring(start, _position - start);
return new Token(TokenType.Number, value);
}
private Token ReadIdentifier()
{
int start = _position;
while (_position < _input.Length && (char.IsLetterOrDigit(_input[_position]) || _input[_position] == '_'))
{
_position++;
}
string value = _input.Substring(start, _position - start);
return new Token(TokenType.Identifier, value);
}
private Token ReadOperator()
{
char currentChar = _input[_position];
_position++;
return new Token(TokenType.Operator, currentChar.ToString());
}
private bool IsOperator(char c)
{
return c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == '/';
}
}
public abstract class AstNode
{
}
public class NumberNode : AstNode
{
public double Value { get; }
public NumberNode(double value)
{
Value = value;
}
}
public class IdentifierNode : AstNode
{
public string Name { get; }
public IdentifierNode(string name)
{
Name = name;
}
}
public class BinaryOperationNode : AstNode
{
public AstNode Left { get; }
public AstNode Right { get; }
public string Operator { get; }
public BinaryOperationNode(AstNode left, AstNode right, string op)
{
Left = left;
Right = right;
Operator = op;
}
}
public class FunctionCallNode : AstNode
{
public string FunctionName { get; }
public List<AstNode> Arguments { get; }
public FunctionCallNode(string functionName, List<AstNode> arguments)
{
FunctionName = functionName;
Arguments = arguments;
}
}
public class Parser
{
private readonly Lexer _lexer;
private Token _currentToken;
public Parser(Lexer lexer)
{
_lexer = lexer;
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
}
public AstNode Parse()
{
return ParseExpression();
}
private AstNode ParseExpression()
{
AstNode node = ParseTerm();
while (_currentToken.Type == TokenType.Operator && (_currentToken.Value == "+" || _currentToken.Value == "-"))
{
string op = _currentToken.Value;
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
node = new BinaryOperationNode(node, ParseTerm(), op);
}
return node;
}
private AstNode ParseTerm()
{
AstNode node = ParseFactor();
while (_currentToken.Type == TokenType.Operator && (_currentToken.Value == "*" || _currentToken.Value == "/"))
{
string op = _currentToken.Value;
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
node = new BinaryOperationNode(node, ParseFactor(), op);
}
return node;
}
private AstNode ParseFactor()
{
Token token = _currentToken;
if (token.Type == TokenType.Number)
{
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
return new NumberNode(double.Parse(token.Value));
}
if (token.Type == TokenType.Identifier)
{
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
if (_currentToken.Type == TokenType.LeftParenthesis)
{
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
List<AstNode> arguments = new List<AstNode>();
while (_currentToken.Type != TokenType.RightParenthesis)
{
arguments.Add(ParseExpression());
if (_currentToken.Type == TokenType.Comma)
{
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
}
}
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
return new FunctionCallNode(token.Value, arguments);
}
return new IdentifierNode(token.Value);
}
if (token.Type == TokenType.LeftParenthesis)
{
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
AstNode node = ParseExpression();
_currentToken = _lexer.NextToken();
return node;
}
throw new Exception($"Unexpected token: {token.Type}");
}
}
public class SymbolTable
{
private readonly Dictionary<string, object> _symbols = new Dictionary<string, object>();
public void AddSymbol(string name, object value)
{
_symbols[name] = value;
}
public object GetSymbol(string name)
{
if (_symbols.TryGetValue(name, out object value))
{
return value;
}
throw new Exception($"Symbol not found: {name}");
}
}
public class SemanticAnalyzer
{
private readonly SymbolTable _symbolTable;
public SemanticAnalyzer(SymbolTable symbolTable)
{
_symbolTable = symbolTable;
}
public void Analyze(AstNode node)
{
if (node is NumberNode)
{
// No analysis needed for numbers
}
else if (node is IdentifierNode identifierNode)
{
if (!_symbolTable.ContainsKey(identifierNode.Name))
{
throw new Exception($"Undefined variable: {identifierNode.Name}");
}
}
else if (node is BinaryOperationNode binaryOperationNode)
{
Analyze(binaryOperationNode.Left);
Analyze(binaryOperationNode.Right);
}
else if (node is FunctionCallNode functionCallNode)
{
foreach (var argument in functionCallNode.Arguments)
{
Analyze(argument);
}
}
else
{
throw new Exception($"Unknown node type: {node.GetType()}");
}
}
}
System.Linq.Expressions
生成表达式树public class CodeGenerator
{
private readonly SymbolTable _symbolTable;
public CodeGenerator(SymbolTable symbolTable)
{
_symbolTable = symbolTable;
}
public Func<double> Generate(AstNode node)
{
var expression = GenerateExpression(node);
var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<double>>(expression);
return lambda.Compile();
}
private Expression GenerateExpression(AstNode node)
{
if (node is NumberNode numberNode)
{
return Expression.Constant(numberNode.Value);
}
if (node is IdentifierNode identifierNode)
{
var value = _symbolTable.GetSymbol(identifierNode.Name);
return Expression.Constant((double)value);
}
if (node is BinaryOperationNode binaryOperationNode)
{
var left = GenerateExpression(binaryOperationNode.Left);
var right = GenerateExpression(binaryOperationNode.Right);
switch (binaryOperationNode.Operator)
{
case "+":
return Expression.Add(left, right);
case "-":
return Expression.Subtract(left, right);
case "*":
return Expression.Multiply(left, right);
case "/":
return Expression.Divide(left, right);
default:
throw new Exception($"Unknown operator: {binaryOperationNode.Operator}");
}
}
if (node is FunctionCallNode functionCallNode)
{
var method = typeof(Math).GetMethod(functionCallNode.FunctionName, new[] { typeof(double) });
if (method == null)
{
throw new Exception($"Unknown function: {functionCallNode.FunctionName}");
}
var argument = GenerateExpression(functionCallNode.Arguments[0]);
return Expression.Call(method, argument);
}
throw new Exception($"Unknown node type: {node.GetType()}");
}
}
为了提高性能,可以将编译结果缓存起来,避免重复编译相同的表达式。
private readonly Dictionary<string, Func<double>> _cache = new Dictionary<string, Func<double>>();
public Func<double> Compile(string expression)
{
if (_cache.TryGetValue(expression, out var compiled))
{
return compiled;
}
var lexer = new Lexer(expression);
var parser = new Parser(lexer);
var ast = parser.Parse();
var analyzer = new SemanticAnalyzer(_symbolTable);
analyzer.Analyze(ast);
var generator = new CodeGenerator(_symbolTable);
var compiledExpression = generator.Generate(ast);
_cache[expression] = compiledExpression;
return compiledExpression;
}
在词法分析和语法分析过程中,尽量减少不必要的内存分配,如使用StringBuilder
代替字符串拼接。
对于大量表达式的编译,可以考虑使用并行编译技术,充分利用多核CPU的性能。
本文详细介绍了如何实现一个开源的纯C#表达式编译器,包括词法分析、语法分析、语义分析和代码生成的实现方法。通过模块化设计、可扩展性和性能优化,可以构建一个高效、灵活的表达式编译器,满足各种动态计算和脚本执行的需求。希望本文能为C#开发者提供有价值的参考,推动更多开源项目的诞生和发展。
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