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# Python中Apache APISIX插件怎么用
## 目录
1. [Apache APISIX简介](#1-apache-apisix简介)
2. [为什么需要自定义插件](#2-为什么需要自定义插件)
3. [Python插件开发基础](#3-python插件开发基础)
4. [开发第一个Python插件](#4-开发第一个python插件)
5. [插件高级功能实现](#5-插件高级功能实现)
6. [插件测试与部署](#6-插件测试与部署)
7. [性能优化建议](#7-性能优化建议)
8. [常见问题排查](#8-常见问题排查)
9. [实际应用案例](#9-实际应用案例)
10. [总结与资源](#10-总结与资源)
---
## 1. Apache APISIX简介
Apache APISIX 是一个动态、实时、高性能的云原生API网关,提供了丰富的流量管理功能如负载均衡、动态上游、金丝雀发布、熔断、认证、可观测性等。作为微服务架构的关键组件,它具备以下核心优势:
- **多语言插件支持**:原生支持Lua,同时通过Plugin Runner机制支持Java、Python等语言
- **高性能**:基于Nginx和etcd实现,单核QPS可达18k+
- **动态配置**:所有配置变更实时生效,无需重启服务
- **云原生**:完美兼容Kubernetes,支持服务自动发现
```python
# 示例:通过Python请求APISIX Admin API
import requests
url = "http://127.0.0.1:9080/apisix/admin/routes"
headers = {"X-API-KEY": "your-secret-key"}
data = {
"uri": "/get",
"plugins": {
"python-plugin-demo": {
"message": "Hello Python!"
}
},
"upstream": {
"type": "roundrobin",
"nodes": {
"httpbin.org:80": 1
}
}
}
response = requests.put(url, json=data, headers=headers)
虽然APISIX内置了80+插件,但在实际业务中我们常遇到需要定制化开发的场景:
Python作为最流行的通用语言之一,具有以下优势: - 开发效率高,语法简洁 - 丰富的第三方库生态 - 团队学习成本低 - 适合快速原型开发
# 安装APISIX并启用Python插件支持
docker pull apache/apisix:2.15.0
git clone https://github.com/apache/apisix-python-plugin-runner
pip install apisix-python-plugin-runner
APISIX通过Sidecar模式与Python进程通信: 1. 收到请求后,APISIX通过Unix Domain Socket将请求上下文发送给Python进程 2. Python插件处理请求并返回处理结果 3. APISIX根据返回结果继续执行后续逻辑
from apisix.runner.plugin.base import Base
class MyPlugin(Base):
def __init__(self):
super(MyPlugin, self).__init__("my-plugin")
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
# 主要处理逻辑
print("Received config:", conf)
ctx.set_var("plugin_var", "value")
return 0 # 0表示继续执行,1表示终止
def name(self):
return self.__name
from apisix.runner.plugin.base import Base
from apisix.runner.http.request import Request
from apisix.runner.http.response import Response
class HeaderModifier(Base):
def __init__(self):
super(HeaderModifier, self).__init__("header-modifier")
self.schema = {
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"set_headers": {"type": "object"},
"remove_headers": {"type": "array"}
}
}
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
request = Request(ctx)
response = Response(ctx)
# 添加头
if "set_headers" in conf:
for k, v in conf["set_headers"].items():
request.set_header(k, v)
# 删除头
if "remove_headers" in conf:
for h in conf["remove_headers"]:
request.del_header(h)
return 0
创建plugins/__init__.py
:
from header_modifier import HeaderModifier
def register_plugins():
return {
"header-modifier": HeaderModifier
}
{
"uri": "/api/v1/*",
"plugins": {
"header-modifier": {
"set_headers": {
"X-API-Version": "1.0",
"X-Request-ID": "$uuid"
},
"remove_headers": ["User-Agent"]
}
},
"upstream": {
"nodes": {
"backend:8080": 1
}
}
}
import requests
from apisix.runner.plugin.base import Base
class AuthProxy(Base):
def __init__(self):
super(AuthProxy, self).__init__("auth-proxy")
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
auth_url = conf.get("auth_endpoint")
token = ctx.var.request_header.get("Authorization")
try:
resp = requests.get(
auth_url,
headers={"Authorization": token},
timeout=1.0
)
if resp.status_code != 200:
return self.deny(403, "Forbidden")
except Exception as e:
return self.deny(500, f"Auth service error: {str(e)}")
return 0
from lrucache import LRUCache
from apisix.runner.plugin.base import Base
class RateLimiter(Base):
CACHE = LRUCache(1000) # 最大缓存1000个键
def __init__(self):
super(RateLimiter, self).__init__("rate-limiter")
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
client_ip = ctx.var.remote_addr
key = f"{client_ip}:{ctx.var.uri}"
count = self.CACHE.get(key, 0)
if count >= conf.get("rate", 100):
return self.deny(429, "Too Many Requests")
self.CACHE.set(key, count + 1, ttl=60)
return 0
import json
from apisix.runner.plugin.base import Base
class BodyTransformer(Base):
def __init__(self):
super(BodyTransformer, self).__init__("body-transformer")
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
# 请求体转换
if ctx.var.request_method == "POST":
try:
data = json.loads(ctx.var.request_body)
data["processed"] = True
ctx.var.request_body = json.dumps(data)
except:
pass
# 响应体转换
ctx.var.set("need_body_modified", True)
return 0
def response_filter(self, conf, ctx):
if ctx.var.get("need_body_modified"):
ctx.var.response_body = ctx.var.response_body.upper()
import unittest
from unittest.mock import MagicMock
from header_modifier import HeaderModifier
class TestHeaderModifier(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.plugin = HeaderModifier()
self.ctx = MagicMock()
self.conf = {
"set_headers": {"X-Test": "value"},
"remove_headers": ["X-Remove"]
}
def test_header_operations(self):
request = MagicMock()
self.ctx.request = request
self.plugin.filter(self.conf, self.ctx)
request.set_header.assert_called_with("X-Test", "value")
request.del_header.assert_called_with("X-Remove")
# 启动测试APISIX
docker-compose -f ci/docker-compose.yml up -d
# 运行测试
pytest tests/
pip install -e .
config.yaml
):plugin_attr:
python-plugin-runner:
cmd: ["python3", "-m", "apisix_python_plugin_runner"]
curl http://127.0.0.1:9080/apisix/admin/plugins/reload -X PUT
from redis import ConnectionPool
pool = ConnectionPool(max_connections=10)
class RedisPlugin(Base):
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
redis = Redis(connection_pool=pool)
# ...
from cachetools import TTLCache
cache = TTLCache(maxsize=1000, ttl=300)
class CachingPlugin(Base):
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
key = ctx.var.uri
if key in cache:
return cache[key]
# ...
import asyncio
from aiohttp import ClientSession
class AsyncPlugin(Base):
async def fetch(self, url):
async with ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url) as resp:
return await resp.text()
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
result = loop.run_until_complete(self.fetch(conf["url"]))
# ...
logs/error.log
py-spy
进行性能分析:py-spy top --pid $(pgrep -f apisix-python-plugin-runner)
tracemalloc
检测:import tracemalloc
tracemalloc.start()
# ...运行插件...
snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno')
for stat in top_stats[:10]:
print(stat)
class RiskControl(Base):
def __init__(self):
super(RiskControl, self).__init__("risk-control")
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
user_agent = ctx.var.request_header.get("User-Agent")
ip = ctx.var.remote_addr
# 检测机器人特征
if "bot" in user_agent.lower():
return self.deny(403, "Bot detected")
# 频率限制
if self.redis.get(f"rate:{ip}") > 100:
return self.deny(429, "Rate limit exceeded")
# 地域检查
if ctx.var.geoip_country != "CN":
return self.deny(403, "Region restricted")
class ApiAggregator(Base):
async def call_service(self, session, url):
async with session.get(url) as resp:
return await resp.json()
def filter(self, conf, ctx):
loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
tasks = []
async with ClientSession() as session:
for endpoint in conf["endpoints"]:
task = self.call_service(session, endpoint)
tasks.append(task)
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
ctx.var.response_body = json.dumps({
"data": results,
"timestamp": time.time()
})
return 0
通过Python扩展APISIX功能,开发者可以快速实现企业级API网关的定制化需求,同时享受Python生态带来的开发效率优势。随着APISIX对多语言插件支持的不断完善,Python在API网关领域的应用前景将更加广阔。 “`
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