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        # Java实现文件上传的方法
## 一、文件上传概述
文件上传是Web开发中常见的功能需求,允许用户将本地文件传输到服务器端存储。在Java生态系统中,有多种技术可以实现文件上传功能,包括但不限于:
1. 原生Servlet API实现
2. Spring框架的MultipartFile
3. Apache Commons FileUpload
4. 第三方云存储SDK集成
本文将详细介绍这些方法的实现原理和具体代码示例。
## 二、Servlet原生实现
### 2.1 基本原理
Servlet 3.0之前,需要借助第三方库(如Apache Commons FileUpload)处理multipart/form-data请求。Servlet 3.0及以后版本内置了对文件上传的支持。
#### 关键步骤:
1. 表单设置`enctype="multipart/form-data"`
2. 使用`@MultipartConfig`注解标记Servlet
3. 通过`request.getParts()`获取上传文件
### 2.2 代码实现
```java
@WebServlet("/upload")
@MultipartConfig(
    maxFileSize = 1024 * 1024 * 5,    // 5MB
    maxRequestSize = 1024 * 1024 * 10 // 10MB
)
public class FileUploadServlet extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, 
                         HttpServletResponse response) 
        throws ServletException, IOException {
        
        // 获取上传目录的物理路径
        String uploadPath = getServletContext().getRealPath("") + File.separator + "uploads";
        File uploadDir = new File(uploadPath);
        if (!uploadDir.exists()) uploadDir.mkdir();
        
        try {
            for (Part part : request.getParts()) {
                String fileName = extractFileName(part);
                if (fileName != null && !fileName.isEmpty()) {
                    part.write(uploadPath + File.separator + fileName);
                }
            }
            response.getWriter().println("文件上传成功");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            response.getWriter().println("上传失败: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    private String extractFileName(Part part) {
        String contentDisp = part.getHeader("content-disposition");
        String[] items = contentDisp.split(";");
        for (String s : items) {
            if (s.trim().startsWith("filename")) {
                return s.substring(s.indexOf("=") + 2, s.length() - 1);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}
<form action="upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="file" name="file" multiple>
    <button type="submit">上传</button>
</form>
Spring框架提供了更简洁的文件上传方式,需要先配置MultipartResolver:
@Bean
public MultipartResolver multipartResolver() {
    CommonsMultipartResolver resolver = new CommonsMultipartResolver();
    resolver.setMaxUploadSize(10 * 1024 * 1024); // 10MB
    return resolver;
}
@Controller
public class FileUploadController {
    
    @PostMapping("/upload")
    public String handleFileUpload(
            @RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file,
            RedirectAttributes redirectAttributes) {
        
        if (file.isEmpty()) {
            redirectAttributes.addFlashAttribute("message", "请选择文件");
            return "redirect:/status";
        }
        
        try {
            // 获取文件并保存
            byte[] bytes = file.getBytes();
            Path path = Paths.get("uploads/" + file.getOriginalFilename());
            Files.write(path, bytes);
            
            redirectAttributes.addFlashAttribute("message",
                "成功上传: " + file.getOriginalFilename());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            redirectAttributes.addFlashAttribute("message",
                "上传失败: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        
        return "redirect:/status";
    }
}
在application.properties中配置:
spring.servlet.multipart.max-file-size=5MB
spring.servlet.multipart.max-request-size=10MB
public class LegacyUploadServlet extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, 
                         HttpServletResponse response) 
        throws ServletException, IOException {
        
        // 检查是否是multipart请求
        if (!ServletFileUpload.isMultipartContent(request)) {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
            return;
        }
        
        // 配置上传参数
        DiskFileItemFactory factory = new DiskFileItemFactory();
        factory.setSizeThreshold(1024 * 1024); // 内存缓冲区1MB
        factory.setRepository(new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir")));
        
        ServletFileUpload upload = new ServletFileUpload(factory);
        upload.setFileSizeMax(5 * 1024 * 1024); // 5MB
        upload.setSizeMax(10 * 1024 * 1024);    // 10MB
        
        try {
            List<FileItem> items = upload.parseRequest(request);
            for (FileItem item : items) {
                if (!item.isFormField()) {
                    String fileName = new File(item.getName()).getName();
                    String filePath = "uploads" + File.separator + fileName;
                    File storeFile = new File(filePath);
                    item.write(storeFile);
                }
            }
            response.getWriter().println("上传成功");
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
        }
    }
}
// 使用File API进行分片
function uploadByChunks(file) {
    const chunkSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024; // 5MB每片
    const totalChunks = Math.ceil(file.size / chunkSize);
    let currentChunk = 0;
    
    while (currentChunk < totalChunks) {
        const start = currentChunk * chunkSize;
        const end = Math.min(start + chunkSize, file.size);
        const chunk = file.slice(start, end);
        
        const formData = new FormData();
        formData.append('file', chunk);
        formData.append('chunkNumber', currentChunk + 1);
        formData.append('totalChunks', totalChunks);
        formData.append('originalName', file.name);
        
        // 发送AJAX请求
        axios.post('/upload-chunk', formData);
        
        currentChunk++;
    }
}
@PostMapping("/upload-chunk")
public ResponseEntity<?> uploadChunk(
        @RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file,
        @RequestParam("chunkNumber") int chunkNumber,
        @RequestParam("totalChunks") int totalChunks,
        @RequestParam("originalName") String originalName) {
    
    try {
        // 创建临时目录
        String tempDir = "temp/" + originalName;
        Files.createDirectories(Paths.get(tempDir));
        
        // 保存分片
        String chunkFilename = chunkNumber + ".part";
        Files.copy(file.getInputStream(), 
            Paths.get(tempDir, chunkFilename),
            StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
        
        // 如果是最后一个分片,合并文件
        if (chunkNumber == totalChunks) {
            mergeFiles(tempDir, originalName, totalChunks);
        }
        
        return ResponseEntity.ok().build();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(500).build();
    }
}
private void mergeFiles(String tempDir, String filename, int totalChunks) 
    throws IOException {
    
    Path outputFile = Paths.get("uploads", filename);
    try (OutputStream out = Files.newOutputStream(outputFile, 
            StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.APPEND)) {
        
        for (int i = 1; i <= totalChunks; i++) {
            Path chunkFile = Paths.get(tempDir, i + ".part");
            Files.copy(chunkFile, out);
            Files.delete(chunkFile);
        }
    }
    // 删除临时目录
    Files.delete(Paths.get(tempDir));
}
// 检查MIME类型 if (!file.getContentType().startsWith(“image/”)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(“只允许上传图片”); }
2. **文件重命名**:
   ```java
   // 使用UUID重命名文件
   String newName = UUID.randomUUID().toString() + "." + fileExt;
病毒扫描:
权限控制:
// 添加依赖:aws-java-sdk-s3
public class S3Uploader {
    
    private AmazonS3 s3Client;
    private String bucketName = "my-bucket";
    
    public S3Uploader() {
        this.s3Client = AmazonS3ClientBuilder.standard()
                .withRegion(Regions.AP_EAST_1)
                .build();
    }
    
    public void uploadFile(MultipartFile file) throws IOException {
        ObjectMetadata metadata = new ObjectMetadata();
        metadata.setContentLength(file.getSize());
        metadata.setContentType(file.getContentType());
        
        s3Client.putObject(
            bucketName,
            "uploads/" + file.getOriginalFilename(),
            file.getInputStream(),
            metadata
        );
    }
}
使用NIO进行文件操作:
Files.copy(file.getInputStream(), 
   Paths.get(uploadPath, fileName),
   StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
异步处理:
@Async
public void asyncUpload(MultipartFile file) {
   // 上传逻辑
}
内存优化:
本文详细介绍了Java中实现文件上传的多种方法,从原生的Servlet API到Spring框架的封装方案,再到分片上传和云存储集成。实际开发中应根据项目需求选择合适的技术方案,并始终注意安全性问题。
通过合理的技术选择和优化,可以构建出安全、高效的文件上传功能。 “`
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