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MariaDB Server 是最流行的开源关系型数据库之一。它由 MySQL 的原始开发者制作,并保证保持开源。它是大多数云产品的一部分,也是大多数Linux发行版的默认配置。MariaDB 被设计为 MySQL 的直接替代产品,具有更多功能,新的存储引擎,更少的错误和更好的性能。
前几天记了下创建、删除、修改数据库,表啊之类的学习笔记,今天终于要开始查询了,查询数据嘛~在我心里反正挺难的,毕竟SQL不好写,脑袋笨啊。
首先呢,Mysql官方提供了一个数据库实例给我们用,那~就是大名鼎鼎的world.sql.
进入数据库后,输入SOURCE /PATH/world.sql
例如:
MariaDB [world]> SOURCE /root/world.sql MariaDB [world]> SHOW DATABASES; //可以看到我们的world库了 +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | world | +--------------------+ MariaDB [world]> USE world; //切换数据库 Database changed MariaDB [world]> SHOW TABLES; //有三张表供我们使用 +-----------------+ | Tables_in_world | +-----------------+ | city | | country | | countrylanguage | +-----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [world]> DESC city; //city表的结构 +-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | Name | char(35) | NO | | | | | CountryCode | char(3) | NO | MUL | | | | District | char(20) | NO | | | | | Population | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | +-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
非常简单的单表查询
先看下SELECT语句的语法吧:
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW] [HIGH_PRIORITY] [STRAIGHT_JOIN] [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT] [SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS] select_expr [, select_expr ...] [ FROM table_references [WHERE where_condition] [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]] [HAVING where_condition] [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ...] [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}] [PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)] [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [export_options]
其中select_expr可以为其下值:
这个就没什么说的了,非常非常简单~
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city;
别名是个很有用的功能呢~特别是多表查询的时候
MariaDB [world]> SELECT ID as 'iid' FROM city LIMIT 2; +-----+ | iid | +-----+ | 129 | | 1 | +-----+
之前也有用到LIMIT,LIMIT 关键字接收两个参数,第一个参数是偏移位置,第二个参数是显示行数
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city LIMIT 2,2; //这里默认是按主键排序的,所以2表示显示第3行数据,一共显示两行 +----+----------------+-------------+----------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +----+----------------+-------------+----------+------------+ | 3 | Herat | AFG | Herat | 186800 | | 4 | Mazar-e-Sharif | AFG | Balkh | 127800 | +----+----------------+-------------+----------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
ODER BY之前也有用到,根据指定列排序嘛~ ASC是顺序显示(默认,从小到大),DESC是倒序显示,当指定了多个列时,先按前面的列排序(分了一组),然后再在组内按后面的列排序,依次类推。以下就显示了人口最多的两个国家:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city ORDER BY Population DESC LIMIT 2; +------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+ | 1024 | Mumbai (Bombay) | IND | Maharashtra | 10500000 | | 2331 | Seoul | KOR | Seoul | 9981619 | +------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
SELECT DISTINCT 列名 FROM 表名; SELECT DISTINCT * FROM city; //当然,这个city表中是没有重复数据的
那我们创建一个表测试一下吧:
MariaDB [world]> CREATE TABLE test(name VARCHAR(50),pass VARCHAR(50)); MariaDB [world]> INSERT INTO test VALUES //插入了4条测试数据 -> ('test','123'), -> ('test','321'), -> ('test','123'), -> ('test1','123'); MariaDB [world]> SELECT DISTINCT * FROM test; +-------+------+ | name | pass | +-------+------+ | test | 123 | | test | 321 | | test1 | 123 | +-------+------+ MariaDB [world]> SELECT DISTINCT name,pass FROM test; +-------+------+ | name | pass | +-------+------+ | test | 123 | | test | 321 | | test1 | 123 | MariaDB [world]> SELECT DISTINCT pass,name FROM test; +------+-------+ | pass | name | +------+-------+ | 123 | test | | 321 | test | | 123 | test1 | +------+-------+
所以,完全相同的行才会被当作重复数据排除掉。
MariaDB [world]> SELECT 'The City Info:', //显示一列常量,当然也可是变量 Name, //普通的一列 CountryCode AS Country, //使用别名 Population*100 AS Population , //对人口放大100倍 MD5(ID) AS ID //使用MD5函数生成ID这一列的MD5值 FROM city ORDER BY Population DESC LIMIT 2; +----------------+-----------------+---------+------------+----------------------------------+ | The City Info: | Name | Country | Population | ID | +----------------+-----------------+---------+------------+----------------------------------+ | The City Info: | Mumbai (Bombay) | IND | 1050000000 | 021bbc7ee20b71134d53e20206bd6feb | | The City Info: | Seoul | KOR | 998161900 | 273448411df1962cba1db6c05b3213c9 | +----------------+-----------------+---------+------------+----------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
使用WHERE子句过滤结果集
上面的内容,我们只是控制了显示哪些列,而并没有控制显示哪些行,当然,LIMIT可能算是控制了显示哪些行;但经常我们会有更复杂的要求,比如查找所有人口大于1,000,000的城市,这时候就可以使用WHERE子句来控制显示哪些行了。
当然,这些过滤动作可以放在业务层来做,可是,我们费了很大的力气传输了数万条数据却只用到其中的一条,有必要嘛?而且,谁能保证业务层的过滤算法能比数据库管理系统中的更高效呢?所以~一般很少有人在业务层进行数据过滤。
[WHERE where_condition]
使用WHERE子句仅需后面跟上where_condition即可,where_condition包括操作符、函数等,只要这行数据使这个表达式为TRUE则显示此行:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE Population >= 1000000; +------+--------------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+--------------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------+ | 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 | | 35 | Alger | DZA | Alger | 2168000 | | 56 | Luanda | AGO | Luanda | 2022000 | | 69 | Buenos Aires | ARG | Distrito Federal | 2982146 | ................................人工省略............................................. | 3798 | Phoenix | USA | Arizona | 1321045 | | 3799 | San Diego | USA | California | 1223400 | | 3800 | Dallas | USA | Texas | 1188580 | | 3801 | San Antonio | USA | Texas | 1144646 | | 4068 | Harare | ZWE | Harare | 1410000 | +------+--------------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------+ 238 rows in set (0.09 sec) //可以看到,有238个城市的人口大于1000000
当给定列的值为NULL时返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE CountryCode IS NULL; Empty set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [world]> SELECT NULL IS NULL; //仅当给定值为NULL时,返回TRUE +--------------+ | NULL IS NULL | +--------------+ | 1 | +--------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
表达式(测试条件)1 AND 表达式(测试条件)2 : 当表达式1和表达式2都为TRUE时,整个表达式才成立
查询中国所有人口大于100000的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE CountryCode = 'CHN' AND Population > 100000; +------+---------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+---------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | 1890 | Shanghai | CHN | Shanghai | 9696300 | | 1891 | Peking | CHN | Peking | 7472000 | .............................手工省略..................................... | 2228 | Zhucheng | CHN | Shandong | 102134 | | 2229 | Kunshan | CHN | Jiangsu | 102052 | | 2230 | Haining | CHN | Zhejiang | 100478 | +------+---------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ 341 rows in set (0.00 sec) //当一条数据同时满足这两个条件才会被显示出来
表达式1 OR 表达式2: 任一表达式为TRUE时,整个表达式都为TRUE ,当表达式1已经为TRUE时不再判断表达式2
列出所有北京和上海的城市:
一个城市所属的地区,不可能又属于北京又属于上海,所以是上海和北京城市的并集:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE District = ‘Peking’ OR District = ‘Shanghai’;
+------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | 1890 | Shanghai | CHN | Shanghai | 9696300 | | 1891 | Peking | CHN | Peking | 7472000 | | 2236 | Tong Xian | CHN | Peking | 97168 | +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
当条件过多时,可以结合的使用与、或操作,比如:
查询北京或浙江人口大于1000000的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE District = 'Peking' OR District = 'Zhejiang' AND Population > 1000000; +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | 1891 | Peking | CHN | Peking | 7472000 | | 1905 | Hangzhou | CHN | Zhejiang | 2190500 | | 1915 | Ningbo | CHN | Zhejiang | 1371200 | | 2236 | Tong Xian | CHN | Peking | 97168 | +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) //逻辑操作是从左向右的二目操作符,所以首先判断是District = 'Peking' OR District = 'Zhejiang'这个条件,当这个条件判断完后得到的TRUE或FALSE,再用这个布尔值与 AND Population > 1000000 进行与操作。
当联合使用AND和OR时还是比较推荐使用()的,这样不容易乱。
查询浙江人口小于100000且大于10000的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE District = 'Zhejiang' AND ( Population > 10000 AND Population in set (0.00 sec) //虽然这个例子看起来没必要使用()吧....干笑....
今天突然翻文档发现一个东西,AND的优先级要比OR优先级高,所以,看如下例子:
查询浙江或北京人口大于100000的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE District = 'Peking' OR District = 'Zhejiang' AND Population > 100000; +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ | 1891 | Peking | CHN | Peking | 7472000 | | 1905 | Hangzhou | CHN | Zhejiang | 2190500 | | 1915 | Ningbo | CHN | Zhejiang | 1371200 | ...................手工省略............................... | 2199 | Yuyao | CHN | Zhejiang | 114065 | | 2230 | Haining | CHN | Zhejiang | 100478 | | 2236 | Tong Xian | CHN | Peking | 97168 | //看这一行,为什么人口97168被筛选出来了呢? +------+-----------+-------------+----------+------------+ 16 rows in set (0.00 sec) //原因是District = 'Zhejiang' AND Population > 100000 为FALSE,然后再与其前的OR进行运算,而这条数据正好地区是北京。 //所以想要的正确筛选数据,需要加一个括号
一个值满足一段连续的范围时为TRUE否则为FALSE
查询ID范围在1-10的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE ID BETWEEN 1 AND 10; +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 | | 2 | Qandahar | AFG | Qandahar | 237500 | | 3 | Herat | AFG | Herat | 186800 | | 4 | Mazar-e-Sharif | AFG | Balkh | 127800 | | 5 | Amsterdam | NLD | Noord-Holland | 731200 | | 6 | Rotterdam | NLD | Zuid-Holland | 593321 | | 7 | Haag | NLD | Zuid-Holland | 440900 | | 8 | Utrecht | NLD | Utrecht | 234323 | | 9 | Eindhoven | NLD | Noord-Brabant | 201843 | | 10 | Tilburg | NLD | Noord-Brabant | 193238 | +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
刚用Name BETWEEN ‘abc’ AND ‘efg’ 作为条件筛选了一下,竟然能筛选出900多行数据,不知道什么原理。
好像只匹配了第一个字符的ASCII值,这个东西实在想不明白有什么场景会把字符用上….
BETWEEN 1 AND 10 相当于 >=1 AND
当一个值属于一段离散数据之中时为TRUE,例如 1 IN (2,3) 明显1不等于2不等于3,所以为FALSE
查询ID属于1,3,5,7,9的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE ID IN (1,3,5,7,9); +----+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +----+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 | | 3 | Herat | AFG | Herat | 186800 | | 5 | Amsterdam | NLD | Noord-Holland | 731200 | | 7 | Haag | NLD | Zuid-Holland | 440900 | | 9 | Eindhoven | NLD | Noord-Brabant | 201843 | +----+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
查询北京、浙江、河南的所有城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE District IN ('Peking','Zhejiang','Henan'); +------+--------------+-------------+----------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+--------------+-------------+----------+------------+ | 1891 | Peking | CHN | Peking | 7472000 | | 1905 | Hangzhou | CHN | Zhejiang | 2190500 | | 1906 | Zhengzhou | CHN | Henan | 2107200 | | 1915 | Ningbo | CHN | Zhejiang | 1371200 | | 1934 | Luoyang | CHN | Henan | 760000 | | 1951 | Kaifeng | CHN | Henan | 510000 | ......................手工省略............................... | 2214 | Cixi | CHN | Zhejiang | 107329 | | 2230 | Haining | CHN | Zhejiang | 100478 | | 2236 | Tong Xian | CHN | Peking | 97168 | | 2242 | Yuzhou | CHN | Henan | 92889 | | 2246 | Linhai | CHN | Zhejiang | 90870 | | 2252 | Huangyan | CHN | Zhejiang | 89288 | +------+--------------+-------------+----------+------------+ 36 rows in set (0.01 sec)
所以,IN操作符跟OR的功能很类似,比如District IN (‘Peking’,’Zhejiang’,’Henan’)等于District = ‘Peking’ OR District = ‘Zhejiang’ OR District = ‘Henan’
将其原本的布尔值进行逻辑非操作后再判断
比如:查询ID
ID=10
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE NOT ID >=10; +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ | 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 | | 2 | Qandahar | AFG | Qandahar | 237500 | | 3 | Herat | AFG | Herat | 186800 | | 4 | Mazar-e-Sharif | AFG | Balkh | 127800 | | 5 | Amsterdam | NLD | Noord-Holland | 731200 | | 6 | Rotterdam | NLD | Zuid-Holland | 593321 | | 7 | Haag | NLD | Zuid-Holland | 440900 | | 8 | Utrecht | NLD | Utrecht | 234323 | | 9 | Eindhoven | NLD | Noord-Brabant | 201843 | +----+----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
所以,NOT可以用作以上任何的操作,比如,ID范围不在10-4000的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE ID NOT BETWEEN 10 AND 4000; +------+----------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+----------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 | | 2 | Qandahar | AFG | Qandahar | 237500 | | 3 | Herat | AFG | Herat | 186800 | .............................手工省略....................................... | 4077 | Jabaliya | PSE | North Gaza | 113901 | | 4078 | Nablus | PSE | Nablus | 100231 | | 4079 | Rafah | PSE | Rafah | 92020 | +------+----------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ 88 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用LIKE可以检索符合通配符的字符串,有如下两个字符串:
搜索名称以T开头的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE Name LIKE 'Y%'; +------+--------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+--------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ | 126 | Yerevan | ARM | Yerevan | 1248700 | | 516 | York | GBR | England | 104425 | | 955 | Yogyakarta | IDN | Yogyakarta | 418944 | | 1220 | Yamuna Nagar | IND | Haryana | 144346 | | 1300 | Yeotmal (Yavatmal) | IND | Maharashtra | 108578 | | 1396 | Yazd | IRN | Yazd | 326776 | ...........................手工省略...................................... | 3888 | Yonkers | USA | New York | 196086 | +------+--------------------+-------------+----------------+------------+ 63 rows in set (0.00 sec)
搜索名称为三个字母的城市:
MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE Name LIKE '___'; +------+------+-------------+---------------------+------------+ | ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population | +------+------+-------------+---------------------+------------+ | 29 | Ede | NLD | Gelderland | 101574 | | 362 | Itu | BRA | São Paulo | 132736 | | 396 | Jaú | BRA | São Paulo | 109965 | | 454 | Poá | BRA | São Paulo | 89236 | | 1387 | Qom | IRN | Qom | 777677 | ................................................................ | 2902 | Ica | PER | Ica | 194820 | | 3134 | Ulm | DEU | Baden-Württemberg | 116103 | | 3379 | Van | TUR | Van | 219319 | | 3588 | Ufa | RUS | Baškortostan | 1091200 | | 3775 | Hue | VNM | Thua Thien-Hue | 219149 | +------+------+-------------+---------------------+------------+ 31 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [world]> SELECT * FROM city WHERE CHAR_LENGTH(Name)=3; //与以上结果相同。
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