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# Linux系统的curl怎么用
## 一、curl简介
### 1.1 什么是curl
cURL(Client URL)是一个开源的命令行工具和库(libcurl),用于在终端中传输数据。它支持多种协议,包括:
- HTTP/HTTPS
- FTP/FTPS
- SCP/SFTP
- TFTP
- LDAP/LDAPS
- POP3/POP3S
- IMAP/IMAPS
- SMTP/SMTPS
- 等数十种协议
### 1.2 curl的发展历史
cURL项目始于1996年,由瑞典程序员Daniel Stenberg创建。最初命名为"httpget",后更名为"urlget",最终定名为"cURL"。
### 1.3 curl的主要特点
- 跨平台支持(Linux/Windows/macOS等)
- 支持HTTPS证书
- 支持HTTP POST/PUT等方法
- 支持文件上传/下载
- 支持cookie
- 支持代理
- 支持用户认证
- 支持断点续传
## 二、安装curl
### 2.1 检查是否已安装
```bash
curl --version
sudo apt update
sudo apt install curl
sudo yum install curl
# 或新版本
sudo dnf install curl
sudo pacman -S curl
wget https://curl.se/download/curl-7.88.1.tar.gz
tar -xzvf curl-7.88.1.tar.gz
cd curl-7.88.1
./configure
make
sudo make install
curl https://example.com
curl -o output.html https://example.com
# 或
curl https://example.com > output.html
curl -I https://example.com
curl -i https://example.com
curl -L https://example.com
curl -L --max-redirs 3 https://example.com
curl -X POST -d "name=value" https://example.com/api
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"key1":"value1", "key2":"value2"}' \
https://example.com/api
curl -X POST -F "username=user" -F "password=pass" \
https://example.com/login
curl -X POST -F "file=@/path/to/file.jpg" \
https://example.com/upload
curl -X PUT -d "data=value" https://example.com/api/resource
curl -X DELETE https://example.com/api/resource/123
curl -u username:password https://example.com
curl --digest -u username:password https://example.com
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token_string" \
https://example.com/api
curl -H "Authorization: OAUTH-TOKEN" \
https://example.com/api
curl -k https://example.com
curl --cacert /path/to/ca-bundle.crt https://example.com
curl --cert /path/to/client.crt --key /path/to/client.key \
https://example.com
curl -x http://proxy.example.com:8080 https://target.example.com
curl --socks5 proxy.example.com:1080 https://target.example.com
curl -x http://user:pass@proxy.example.com:8080 \
https://target.example.com
curl -c cookies.txt https://example.com
curl -b cookies.txt https://example.com
curl -b "name=value" https://example.com
curl -v https://example.com
curl --trace-ascii debug.txt https://example.com
curl --connect-timeout 30 https://example.com
curl -m 60 https://example.com
curl -w "%{speed_download}\n" -o /dev/null https://example.com
curl -C - -O https://example.com/largefile.zip
curl -O https://example.com/file1.txt -O https://example.com/file2.txt
# 下载
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -O ftp://ftp.example.com/file.txt
# 上传
curl -T localfile.txt -u ftpuser:ftppass ftp://ftp.example.com/
curl -H "X-Custom-Header: value" https://example.com
curl --limit-rate 200K https://example.com/largefile.iso
curl -H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
https://api.github.com/users/octocat
curl -X GET "https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/recent?query=curl" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TWITTER_BEARER_TOKEN"
curl https://api.openai.com/v1/completions \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $OPEN_API_KEY" \
-d '{"model": "text-davinci-003", "prompt": "Say this is a test", "temperature": 0, "max_tokens": 7}'
response=$(curl -s https://api.example.com/data)
value=$(echo $response | jq -r '.key')
status_code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" https://example.com)
if [ $status_code -eq 200 ]; then
echo "请求成功"
else
echo "请求失败,状态码: $status_code"
fi
for i in {1..10}; do
curl -X POST -d "value=$i" https://example.com/api
done
curl --http2 https://example.com
curl --compressed https://example.com
curl --keepalive-time 60 https://example.com
cat urls.txt | xargs -n1 -P4 curl -O
# 不推荐
curl -u username:password https://example.com
# 推荐
curl -u username https://example.com
# 然后交互式输入密码
# ~/.netrc 内容
machine example.com
login username
password secret
# 检查已知漏洞
curl --version
# 方法1:更新CA证书
sudo apt update ca-certificates # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum update ca-certificates # CentOS/RHEL
# 方法2:指定证书路径
curl --cacert /path/to/cert.pem https://example.com
# 增加超时时间
curl --connect-timeout 60 -m 300 https://example.com
# 限制重定向次数
curl -L --max-redirs 5 https://example.com
cURL是Linux系统中功能强大且灵活的网络工具,几乎可以处理所有基于URL的数据传输需求。通过掌握cURL的各种选项和参数,您可以: - 测试和调试Web服务 - 自动化API交互 - 下载/上传文件 - 监控网站可用性 - 集成到shell脚本中
建议通过man curl
查看完整手册,或访问官方文档获取更多信息。
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