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# JavaScript怎么实现可动的canvas环形进度条
## 前言
在现代Web开发中,动态可视化元素能显著提升用户体验。环形进度条作为一种常见的数据展示形式,广泛应用于文件上传、系统负载、任务完成度等场景。本文将详细介绍如何使用原生JavaScript结合HTML5 Canvas技术,从零开始构建一个可动态更新的环形进度条。
## 一、基础概念与准备工作
### 1.1 Canvas基础
HTML5 Canvas是一个通过JavaScript绘制图形的HTML元素,它提供了丰富的API用于绘制路径、形状、文本和图像:
```html
<canvas id="progressCanvas" width="200" height="200"></canvas>
关键属性:
- width
/height
:定义绘制区域尺寸(建议通过属性设置而非CSS)
- getContext('2d')
:获取2D渲染上下文
一个完整的环形进度条通常包含: 1. 底层背景环(表示总进度) 2. 前景进度环(表示当前进度) 3. 中心文本(显示百分比) 4. 动画过渡效果
const canvas = document.getElementById('progressCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const centerX = canvas.width / 2;
const centerY = canvas.height / 2;
const radius = 80; // 环形半径
const lineWidth = 15; // 环线宽度
function drawBackground() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX, centerY, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
ctx.strokeStyle = '#f0f0f0';
ctx.lineWidth = lineWidth;
ctx.stroke();
}
function drawProgress(percent) {
const startAngle = -Math.PI / 2; // 从12点方向开始
const endAngle = startAngle + (Math.PI * 2 * percent);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX, centerY, radius, startAngle, endAngle, false);
ctx.strokeStyle = '#4CAF50'; // 进度颜色
ctx.lineWidth = lineWidth;
ctx.lineCap = 'round'; // 圆角端点
ctx.stroke();
}
function drawText(percent) {
ctx.fillStyle = '#333';
ctx.font = '24px Arial';
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
ctx.fillText(`${Math.round(percent * 100)}%`, centerX, centerY);
}
浏览器原生动画API,提供更流畅的动画效果:
function animateProgress(targetPercent, duration = 1000) {
let startTime = null;
let currentPercent = 0;
function animationStep(timestamp) {
if (!startTime) startTime = timestamp;
const elapsed = timestamp - startTime;
const progress = Math.min(elapsed / duration, 1);
currentPercent = progress * targetPercent;
// 清除并重绘
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
drawBackground();
drawProgress(currentPercent);
drawText(currentPercent);
if (progress < 1) {
requestAnimationFrame(animationStep);
}
}
requestAnimationFrame(animationStep);
}
添加缓动函数使动画更自然:
function easeOutQuad(t) {
return t * (2 - t);
}
// 修改animationStep中的progress计算:
const progress = easeOutQuad(Math.min(elapsed / duration, 1));
根据百分比切换不同颜色:
function getProgressColor(percent) {
if (percent < 0.3) return '#FF5252';
if (percent < 0.7) return '#FFC107';
return '#4CAF50';
}
// 在drawProgress中使用:
ctx.strokeStyle = getProgressColor(percent);
function drawProgress(percent) {
// ...
ctx.shadowColor = 'rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.5)';
ctx.shadowBlur = 10;
ctx.shadowOffsetY = 3;
// ...绘制代码...
ctx.shadowColor = 'transparent'; // 重置
}
使Canvas适应不同屏幕尺寸:
function resizeCanvas() {
const container = canvas.parentElement;
const size = Math.min(container.clientWidth, container.clientHeight) * 0.8;
canvas.width = size;
canvas.height = size;
// 重新计算中心点和半径
centerX = canvas.width / 2;
centerY = canvas.height / 2;
radius = size * 0.35;
// 重绘
draw();
}
window.addEventListener('resize', resizeCanvas);
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Canvas环形进度条</title>
<style>
body {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
height: 100vh;
margin: 0;
font-family: Arial;
}
.progress-container {
width: 80vmin;
height: 80vmin;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="progress-container">
<canvas id="progressCanvas"></canvas>
</div>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('progressCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
let centerX, centerY, radius;
const lineWidth = 15;
function init() {
resizeCanvas();
animateProgress(0.85, 1500); // 示例:动画到85%
}
function resizeCanvas() {
const container = canvas.parentElement;
const size = Math.min(container.clientWidth, container.clientHeight);
canvas.width = size;
canvas.height = size;
centerX = size / 2;
centerY = size / 2;
radius = size * 0.35;
}
function drawBackground() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX, centerY, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
ctx.strokeStyle = '#f0f0f0';
ctx.lineWidth = lineWidth;
ctx.stroke();
}
function getProgressColor(percent) {
if (percent < 0.3) return '#FF5252';
if (percent < 0.7) return '#FFC107';
return '#4CAF50';
}
function drawProgress(percent) {
const startAngle = -Math.PI / 2;
const endAngle = startAngle + (Math.PI * 2 * percent);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX, centerY, radius, startAngle, endAngle, false);
ctx.strokeStyle = getProgressColor(percent);
ctx.lineWidth = lineWidth;
ctx.lineCap = 'round';
ctx.shadowColor = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)';
ctx.shadowBlur = 5;
ctx.stroke();
ctx.shadowColor = 'transparent';
}
function drawText(percent) {
ctx.fillStyle = '#333';
ctx.font = `bold ${radius * 0.3}px Arial`;
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
ctx.fillText(`${Math.round(percent * 100)}%`, centerX, centerY);
}
function easeOutQuad(t) {
return t * (2 - t);
}
function animateProgress(targetPercent, duration) {
let startTime = null;
let currentPercent = 0;
function animationStep(timestamp) {
if (!startTime) startTime = timestamp;
const elapsed = timestamp - startTime;
const progress = easeOutQuad(Math.min(elapsed / duration, 1));
currentPercent = progress * targetPercent;
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
drawBackground();
drawProgress(currentPercent);
drawText(currentPercent);
if (progress < 1) {
requestAnimationFrame(animationStep);
}
}
requestAnimationFrame(animationStep);
}
window.addEventListener('resize', () => {
resizeCanvas();
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
drawBackground();
});
init();
</script>
</body>
</html>
通过Canvas实现环形进度条不仅能够创建高性能的动画效果,还能完全自定义视觉样式。本文介绍的技术可以进一步扩展为多环仪表盘、3D进度球等更复杂的可视化效果。掌握这些基础后,开发者可以结合具体业务需求,创造出更丰富的交互体验。
提示:现代前端框架(如React、Vue)中,建议将Canvas封装为组件,通过props控制进度值,实现更好的可复用性。 “`
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