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在现代Web开发中,文件上传是一个常见的需求。无论是上传图片、文档还是其他类型的文件,开发者都需要一个可靠且易于使用的解决方案。Vue.js流行的前端框架,结合Element UI组件库,可以轻松实现文件上传功能。本文将详细介绍如何使用Vue.js和Element UI实现文件上传功能,并提供完整的代码示例。
在开始编写代码之前,我们需要确保开发环境已经准备好。以下是所需的工具和库:
如果你还没有安装Vue CLI,可以通过以下命令进行安装:
npm install -g @vue/cli
使用Vue CLI创建一个新的Vue项目:
vue create vue-file-upload
在创建项目时,选择默认配置或手动选择需要的特性。
进入项目目录并安装Element UI:
cd vue-file-upload
npm install element-ui --save
在src/main.js中引入Element UI:
import Vue from 'vue';
import ElementUI from 'element-ui';
import 'element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css';
import App from './App.vue';
Vue.use(ElementUI);
new Vue({
  render: h => h(App),
}).$mount('#app');
Element UI提供了一个el-upload组件,用于实现文件上传功能。我们可以通过简单的配置来实现文件上传。
在src/components/FileUpload.vue中创建一个文件上传组件:
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
    </el-upload>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      console.log('上传前:', file);
      return true;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
action:指定文件上传的服务器地址。on-preview:点击文件列表中已上传的文件时的回调函数。on-remove:文件列表移除文件时的回调函数。before-upload:文件上传前的回调函数,可以在此进行文件校验。on-success:文件上传成功时的回调函数。on-error:文件上传失败时的回调函数。file-list:文件列表,用于显示已上传的文件。在项目根目录下运行以下命令启动开发服务器:
npm run serve
打开浏览器访问http://localhost:8080,你将看到一个文件上传组件。点击“点击上传”按钮,选择文件后,文件将被上传到指定的服务器地址。
在实际开发中,我们可能需要对文件上传进行更多的控制,例如限制文件类型、大小、上传进度等。Element UI的el-upload组件提供了丰富的配置选项,可以满足这些需求。
我们可以通过before-upload钩子函数来限制上传文件的类型和大小。
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
      <div slot="tip" class="el-upload__tip">只能上传jpg/png文件,且不超过500kb</div>
    </el-upload>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      const isJPG = file.type === 'image/jpeg' || file.type === 'image/png';
      const isLt500K = file.size / 1024 < 500;
      if (!isJPG) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片只能是 JPG/PNG 格式!');
      }
      if (!isLt500K) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片大小不能超过 500KB!');
      }
      return isJPG && isLt500K;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
Element UI的el-upload组件默认不显示上传进度,但我们可以通过on-progress钩子函数来实现进度显示。
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :on-progress="handleProgress"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
      <div slot="tip" class="el-upload__tip">只能上传jpg/png文件,且不超过500kb</div>
    </el-upload>
    <el-progress :percentage="uploadPercentage" v-if="uploadPercentage > 0"></el-progress>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
      uploadPercentage: 0,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      const isJPG = file.type === 'image/jpeg' || file.type === 'image/png';
      const isLt500K = file.size / 1024 < 500;
      if (!isJPG) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片只能是 JPG/PNG 格式!');
      }
      if (!isLt500K) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片大小不能超过 500KB!');
      }
      return isJPG && isLt500K;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleProgress(event, file, fileList) {
      this.uploadPercentage = parseInt(event.percent);
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
在某些情况下,我们可能需要自定义上传请求,例如添加请求头、处理跨域问题等。Element UI的el-upload组件支持通过http-request属性来自定义上传请求。
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :on-progress="handleProgress"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
      :http-request="customUpload"
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
      <div slot="tip" class="el-upload__tip">只能上传jpg/png文件,且不超过500kb</div>
    </el-upload>
    <el-progress :percentage="uploadPercentage" v-if="uploadPercentage > 0"></el-progress>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
import axios from 'axios';
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
      uploadPercentage: 0,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      const isJPG = file.type === 'image/jpeg' || file.type === 'image/png';
      const isLt500K = file.size / 1024 < 500;
      if (!isJPG) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片只能是 JPG/PNG 格式!');
      }
      if (!isLt500K) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片大小不能超过 500KB!');
      }
      return isJPG && isLt500K;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleProgress(event, file, fileList) {
      this.uploadPercentage = parseInt(event.percent);
    },
    customUpload(file) {
      const formData = new FormData();
      formData.append('file', file.file);
      axios.post('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/', formData, {
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data',
        },
        onUploadProgress: (progressEvent) => {
          const percentCompleted = Math.round((progressEvent.loaded * 100) / progressEvent.total);
          this.uploadPercentage = percentCompleted;
        },
      })
        .then((response) => {
          this.handleSuccess(response, file, this.fileList);
        })
        .catch((error) => {
          this.handleError(error, file, this.fileList);
        });
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
Element UI的el-upload组件默认支持多文件上传。我们可以通过multiple属性来启用多文件上传。
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :on-progress="handleProgress"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
      multiple
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
      <div slot="tip" class="el-upload__tip">只能上传jpg/png文件,且不超过500kb</div>
    </el-upload>
    <el-progress :percentage="uploadPercentage" v-if="uploadPercentage > 0"></el-progress>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
      uploadPercentage: 0,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      const isJPG = file.type === 'image/jpeg' || file.type === 'image/png';
      const isLt500K = file.size / 1024 < 500;
      if (!isJPG) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片只能是 JPG/PNG 格式!');
      }
      if (!isLt500K) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片大小不能超过 500KB!');
      }
      return isJPG && isLt500K;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleProgress(event, file, fileList) {
      this.uploadPercentage = parseInt(event.percent);
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
在前端实现文件上传功能后,我们还需要在服务器端处理上传的文件。以下是一个简单的Node.js Express服务器示例,用于处理文件上传。
首先,创建一个新的Node.js项目并安装所需的依赖:
mkdir file-upload-server
cd file-upload-server
npm init -y
npm install express multer cors
在项目根目录下创建一个server.js文件,并编写以下代码:
const express = require('express');
const multer = require('multer');
const cors = require('cors');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.use(cors());
const storage = multer.diskStorage({
  destination: (req, file, cb) => {
    cb(null, 'uploads/');
  },
  filename: (req, file, cb) => {
    cb(null, Date.now() + '-' + file.originalname);
  },
});
const upload = multer({ storage });
app.post('/upload', upload.single('file'), (req, res) => {
  if (!req.file) {
    return res.status(400).send('No file uploaded.');
  }
  res.send({ message: 'File uploaded successfully.', file: req.file });
});
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
在项目根目录下运行以下命令启动服务器:
node server.js
服务器启动后,将监听http://localhost:3000,并处理文件上传请求。
将前端代码中的action属性修改为服务器的上传地址:
<template>
  <div>
    <el-upload
      action="http://localhost:3000/upload"
      :on-preview="handlePreview"
      :on-remove="handleRemove"
      :before-upload="beforeUpload"
      :on-success="handleSuccess"
      :on-error="handleError"
      :on-progress="handleProgress"
      :file-list="fileList"
      list-type="picture"
      multiple
    >
      <el-button type="primary">点击上传</el-button>
      <div slot="tip" class="el-upload__tip">只能上传jpg/png文件,且不超过500kb</div>
    </el-upload>
    <el-progress :percentage="uploadPercentage" v-if="uploadPercentage > 0"></el-progress>
  </div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      fileList: [],
      uploadPercentage: 0,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    handlePreview(file) {
      console.log('预览文件:', file);
    },
    handleRemove(file, fileList) {
      console.log('移除文件:', file);
      this.fileList = fileList;
    },
    beforeUpload(file) {
      const isJPG = file.type === 'image/jpeg' || file.type === 'image/png';
      const isLt500K = file.size / 1024 < 500;
      if (!isJPG) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片只能是 JPG/PNG 格式!');
      }
      if (!isLt500K) {
        this.$message.error('上传头像图片大小不能超过 500KB!');
      }
      return isJPG && isLt500K;
    },
    handleSuccess(response, file, fileList) {
      console.log('上传成功:', response);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleError(err, file, fileList) {
      console.error('上传失败:', err);
      this.fileList = fileList;
      this.uploadPercentage = 0;
    },
    handleProgress(event, file, fileList) {
      this.uploadPercentage = parseInt(event.percent);
    },
  },
};
</script>
<style scoped>
/* 样式可以根据需要进行调整 */
</style>
通过本文的介绍,我们学习了
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