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在Linux系统中，查询硬盘信息是一项常见的任务，无论是为了了解硬盘的容量、分区情况，还是为了检查硬盘的健康状态。本文将介绍几种常用的命令和工具，帮助你在Linux系统中查询硬盘信息。
lsblk 命令lsblk 是一个简单而强大的命令，用于列出所有块设备的信息，包括硬盘、分区和挂载点。
lsblk
输出示例：
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2 8:2 0 464.3G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1.8T 0 part /mnt/data
NAME：设备名称。MAJ:MIN：主设备号和次设备号。RM：是否为可移动设备。SIZE：设备大小。RO：是否为只读设备。TYPE：设备类型（如 disk 或 part）。MOUNTPOINT：挂载点。fdisk 命令fdisk 是一个用于管理磁盘分区的工具，也可以用来查看硬盘的分区信息。
sudo fdisk -l
输出示例：
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: Samsung SSD 860
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 976773134 975722511 464.3G Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/sda：硬盘设备名称和大小。Disk model：硬盘型号。Units：扇区大小。Device：分区名称。Start 和 End：分区的起始和结束扇区。Sectors：分区占用的扇区数。Size：分区大小。Type：分区类型。df 命令df 命令用于显示文件系统的磁盘使用情况，包括挂载点和可用空间。
df -h
输出示例：
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 464G 200G 240G 46% /
/dev/sdb1 1.8T 1.2T 600G 67% /mnt/data
Filesystem：文件系统名称。Size：文件系统总大小。Used：已用空间。Avail：可用空间。Use%：使用百分比。Mounted on：挂载点。smartctl 命令smartctl 是一个用于查询硬盘健康状态的工具，支持S.M.A.R.T.技术。
首先，安装 smartmontools：
sudo apt-get install smartmontools
然后，使用 smartctl 查询硬盘信息：
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
输出示例：
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Samsung based SSDs
Device Model: Samsung SSD 860 EVO 500GB
Serial Number: S3Z8NB0K123456
Firmware Version: RVT02B6Q
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2 T13/2015-D revision 3
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon Oct 2 12:34:56 2023 UTC
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
Model Family：硬盘系列。Device Model：硬盘型号。Serial Number：序列号。Firmware Version：固件版本。User Capacity：用户容量。Sector Size：扇区大小。Rotation Rate：转速（固态硬盘为 Solid State Device）。Form Factor：外形尺寸。SMART support：是否支持S.M.A.R.T.技术。hdparm 命令hdparm 是一个用于设置和查看硬盘参数的命令。
sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda
输出示例：
/dev/sda:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: Samsung SSD 860 EVO 500GB
Serial Number: S3Z8NB0K123456
Firmware Revision: RVT02B6Q
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x0028)
Supported: 8 7 6 5
Likely used: 8
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 976773168
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 512 bytes
Logical Sector-0 offset: 0 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 476940 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 500107 MBytes (500 GB)
cache/buffer size = unknown
Form Factor: 2.5 inch
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
Advanced power management level: 254
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* NOP cmd
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Phy event counters
* Host-initiated interface power management
* Device-initiated interface power management
* Software settings preservation
* SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
* SCT Write Same (AC2)
* SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
* SCT Features Control (AC4)
* SCT Data Tables (AC5)
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
not frozen
not expired: security count
supported: enhanced erase
2min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 2min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 5002538e12345678
NAA : 5
IEEE OUI : 002538
Unique ID : e12345678
Checksum: correct
Model Number：硬盘型号。Serial Number：序列号。Firmware Revision：固件版本。Transport：传输协议。Logical Sector size：逻辑扇区大小。Physical Sector size：物理扇区大小。device size：设备大小。Form Factor：外形尺寸。Nominal Media Rotation Rate：转速（固态硬盘为 Solid State Device）。通过以上命令和工具，你可以轻松地在Linux系统中查询硬盘的详细信息。无论是查看硬盘的分区情况、使用情况，还是检查硬盘的健康状态，这些命令都能满足你的需求。根据具体情况选择合适的工具，可以帮助你更好地管理和维护你的硬盘。
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