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在分析Robotium的运行原理之前，我们有必要先搞清楚Instrumentation的一些相关知识点，因为Robotium就是基于Instrumentation而开发出来的一套自动化测试框架。鉴于之前本人已经转载和编写了Instrumentation的一些文章，所以建议大家如果没有看过的还是翻看下先对Instrumentation有个基本的理解。然后带着疑问再来看这篇文章看是否能帮上自己。
既然是分析Instrumentation，那么我们必须要先看下Instrumentation 这个类的类图，直接网上截获，就不花时间另外去画了,但请注意网上该图是比较老的，一些新的注入事件的方法是没有加进去的，注意红色部分：
开始分析之前我们要搞清楚Instrumentation的几点
/* */ public class InstrumentationTestRunner /* */ extends Instrumentation /* */ implements TestSuiteProvider /* */ { ... }从它的类定义我们可以看到它是从我们的Instrumentation类继承下来的。其实从它的名字我们就大概可以想像到它是扮演什么角色的，参照我们之前对UiAutomator的源码分析《UIAutomator源码分析之启动和运行》，InstrumentationTestRunner扮演的角色类似于当中的UiAutomatorTestRunner类，都是通过解析获取和建立目标测试用例和测试集然后知道测试的运行。/* */ public void onCreate(Bundle arguments) /* */ { /* 303 */ super.onCreate(arguments); ... /* 343 */ TestSuiteBuilder testSuiteBuilder = new TestSuiteBuilder(getClass().getName(), getTargetContext().getClassLoader()); /* */ /* */ /* 346 */ if (testSizePredicate != null) { /* 347 */ testSuiteBuilder.addRequirements(new Predicate[] { testSizePredicate }); /* */ } /* 349 */ if (testAnnotationPredicate != null) { /* 350 */ testSuiteBuilder.addRequirements(new Predicate[] { testAnnotationPredicate }); /* */ } /* 352 */ if (testNotAnnotationPredicate != null) { /* 353 */ testSuiteBuilder.addRequirements(new Predicate[] { testNotAnnotationPredicate }); /* */ } /* */ /* 356 */ if (testClassesArg == null) { ... /* */ } else { /* 370 */ parseTestClasses(testClassesArg, testSuiteBuilder); /* */ } /* */ /* 373 */ testSuiteBuilder.addRequirements(getBuilderRequirements()); /* */ /* 375 */ this.mTestRunner = getAndroidTestRunner(); /* 376 */ this.mTestRunner.setContext(getTargetContext()); /* 377 */ this.mTestRunner.setInstrumentation(this); /* 378 */ this.mTestRunner.setSkipExecution(logOnly); /* 379 */ this.mTestRunner.setTest(testSuiteBuilder.build()); /* 380 */ this.mTestCount = this.mTestRunner.getTestCases().size(); /* 381 */ if (this.mSuiteAssignmentMode) { /* 382 */ this.mTestRunner.addTestListener(new SuiteAssignmentPrinter()); /* */ } else { /* 384 */ WatcherResultPrinter resultPrinter = new WatcherResultPrinter(this.mTestCount); /* 385 */ this.mTestRunner.addTestListener(new TestPrinter("TestRunner", false)); /* 386 */ this.mTestRunner.addTestListener(resultPrinter); /* 387 */ this.mTestRunner.setPerformanceResultsWriter(resultPrinter); /* */ } /* 389 */ start(); /* */ }从中我们可以看到这个方法开始就是如上面所说的类似UiAutomatorTestRunner一样去获取解析对应测试包里面的测试集和测试用例，这个在这个章节不是重点，重点是最后面的start()这个方法的调用。这个方法最终调用的是父类Instrumentation的start()方法，我们看下这个方法的官方解析"Create and start a new thread in which to run instrumentation.“翻译过来就是”创建一个新的运行Instrumentation（测试用例）的线程":/* */ public void start() /* */ { /* 122 */ if (this.mRunner != null) { /* 123 */ throw new RuntimeException("Instrumentation already started"); /* */ } /* 125 */ this.mRunner = new InstrumentationThread("Instr: " + getClass().getName()); /* 126 */ this.mRunner.start(); /* */ }在第125行我们很明显知道新的线程名就叫做"Instr:android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner",因为这个方法是从子类android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner中传进来的，所以getClass().getName()方法获得的就是子类的名字。/* */ private final class InstrumentationThread /* */ extends Thread { /* 1689 */ public InstrumentationThread(String name) { super(); } /* */ /* */ public void run() { /* */ try { /* 1693 */ Process.setThreadPriority(-8); /* */ } catch (RuntimeException e) { /* 1695 */ Log.w("Instrumentation", "Exception setting priority of instrumentation thread " + Process.myTid(), e); /* */ } /* */ /* 1698 */ if (Instrumentation.this.mAutomaticPerformanceSnapshots) { /* 1699 */ Instrumentation.this.startPerformanceSnapshot(); /* */ } /* 1701 */ Instrumentation.this.onStart(); /* */ } /* */ } /** * Initialize the current thread as a looper. * <p/> * Exposed for unit testing. */ void prepareLooper() { Looper.prepare(); } @Override public void onStart() { prepareLooper(); if (mJustCount) { mResults.putString(Instrumentation.REPORT_KEY_IDENTIFIER, REPORT_VALUE_ID); mResults.putInt(REPORT_KEY_NUM_TOTAL, mTestCount); finish(Activity.RESULT_OK, mResults); } else { if (mDebug) { Debug.waitForDebugger(); } ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); PrintStream writer = new PrintStream(byteArrayOutputStream); try { StringResultPrinter resultPrinter = new StringResultPrinter(writer); mTestRunner.addTestListener(resultPrinter); long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); mTestRunner.runTest(); long runTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime; resultPrinter.printResult(mTestRunner.getTestResult(), runTime); } catch (Throwable t) { // catch all exceptions so a more verbose error message can be outputted writer.println(String.format("Test run aborted due to unexpected exception: %s", t.getMessage())); t.printStackTrace(writer); } finally { mResults.putString(Instrumentation.REPORT_KEY_STREAMRESULT, String.format("\nTest results for %s=%s", mTestRunner.getTestClassName(), byteArrayOutputStream.toString())); if (mCoverage) { generateCoverageReport(); } writer.close(); finish(Activity.RESULT_OK, mResults); } } }该方法一开始就为InstrumentationTestRunner线程建立一个looper消息队列，至于looper是怎么回事，大家如果不清的请查看网络的解析。Looper是用于给一个线程添加一个消息队列(MessageQueue)，并且循环等待，当有消息时会唤起线程来处理消息的一个工具，直到线程结束为止。通常情况下不会用到Looper，因为对于Activity，Service等系统组件，Frameworks已经为我们初始化好了线程(俗称的UI线程或主线程)，在其内含有一个Looper，和由Looper创建的消息队列，所以主线程会一直运行，处理用户事件，直到某些事件(BACK）退出。 public void runTest(TestResult testResult) { mTestResult = testResult; for (TestListener testListener : mTestListeners) { mTestResult.addListener(testListener); } Context testContext = mInstrumentation == null ? mContext : mInstrumentation.getContext(); for (TestCase testCase : mTestCases) { setContextIfAndroidTestCase(testCase, mContext, testContext); setInstrumentationIfInstrumentationTestCase(testCase, mInstrumentation); setPerformanceWriterIfPerformanceCollectorTestCase(testCase, mPerfWriter); testCase.run(mTestResult); } }大概做法就是对所有收集到的测试集进行一个for循环然后取出每个测试用例在junit.Framework.Testcase环境下进行运行了。这里就不往下研究junit框架是怎么回事了。 /** * Runs the specified action on the UI thread. If the current thread is the UI * thread, then the action is executed immediately. If the current thread is * not the UI thread, the action is posted to the event queue of the UI thread. * * @param action the action to run on the UI thread */ public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) { if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) { mHandler.post(action); } else { action.run(); } }其代码的功能和对应的描述一致：/* */ public void runOnMainSync(Runnable runner) /* */ { /* 344 */ validateNotAppThread(); /* 345 */ SyncRunnable sr = new SyncRunnable(runner); /* 346 */ this.mThread.getHandler().post(sr); /* 347 */ sr.waitForComplete(); /* */ }这里也是从再从主线程获得Main Looper的Handler后往Main Looper消息队列中提交action，但人家提交完之后还会等待该action线程的执行完毕才会退出这个函数，所以两个方法的区别就是：Activity的runOnUiThread是异步执行的，Instrumentation的runOnMainSync是同步执行的。runOnMainSync又是怎么实现这一点的呢？这个我们就要看Instrumetnation的内部类SyncRunnable了：/* */ private static final class SyncRunnable implements Runnable { /* */ private final Runnable mTarget; /* */ private boolean mComplete; /* */ /* 1715 */ public SyncRunnable(Runnable target) { this.mTarget = target; } /* */ /* */ public void run() /* */ { /* 1719 */ this.mTarget.run(); /* 1720 */ synchronized (this) { /* 1721 */ this.mComplete = true; /* 1722 */ notifyAll(); /* */ } /* */ } /* */ /* */ public void waitForComplete() { /* 1727 */ synchronized (this) { /* 1728 */ while (!this.mComplete) { /* */ try { /* 1730 */ wait(); /* */ } /* */ catch (InterruptedException e) {} /* */ } /* */ } /* */ } /* */ }它也是从runnable线程类继承下来的。在run方法的1720到1722行我们可以看到，该运行在Main UiThread的方法在跑完后会把Instrumentation实例的mComplete变量设置成true，而runOnMainSync最后调用的运行在子线程中的waitForComplete方法会一直等待这个mComplete变量变成true才会返回，也就是说一直等待主线程的调用完成才会返回，那么到了这里就很清楚runOnMainSync是如何通过SyncRunnable这个内部类实现同步的了。/* */ private final void validateNotAppThread() /* */ { /* 1650 */ if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) { /* 1651 */ throw new RuntimeException("This method can not be called from the main application thread"); /* */ } /* */ } | Method | Description | Comment |
| Key Events | ||
| sendKeySync | 发送一个键盘事件，注意同一时间只有一个action，或者是按下，或者是弹起，所有下面其他key相关的事件注入都是以这个方法为基础的 | |
| sendKeyDownUpSync | 基于sendKeySync发送一个按键的按下和弹起两个事件 | |
| sendCharacterSync | 发送键盘上的一个字符，完整的过程包括一个按下和弹起事件 | |
| sendStringSync | 往应用发送一串字符串 | |
| Tackball Event | ||
| sendTrackballEventSync | 发送轨迹球事件。个人没有用过，应该是像黑莓的那种轨迹球吧 | |
| Pointer Event | ||
| sendPointerSync | 发送点击事件 | |
/** * Send a key event to the currently focused window/view and wait for it to * be processed. Finished at some point after the recipient has returned * from its event processing, though it may <em>not</em> have completely * finished reacting from the event -- for example, if it needs to update * its display as a result, it may still be in the process of doing that. * * @param event The event to send to the current focus. */ public void sendKeySync(KeyEvent event) { validateNotAppThread(); long downTime = event.getDownTime(); long eventTime = event.getEventTime(); int action = event.getAction(); int code = event.getKeyCode(); int repeatCount = event.getRepeatCount(); int metaState = event.getMetaState(); int deviceId = event.getDeviceId(); int scancode = event.getScanCode(); int source = event.getSource(); int flags = event.getFlags(); if (source == InputDevice.SOURCE_UNKNOWN) { source = InputDevice.SOURCE_KEYBOARD; } if (eventTime == 0) { eventTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis(); } if (downTime == 0) { downTime = eventTime; } KeyEvent newEvent = new KeyEvent(downTime, eventTime, action, code, repeatCount, metaState, deviceId, scancode, flags | KeyEvent.FLAG_FROM_SYSTEM, source); InputManager.getInstance().injectInputEvent(newEvent, InputManager.INJECT_INPUT_EVENT_MODE_WAIT_FOR_FINISH); }这个就很明显了，用的就是InputManager的事件注入方式，如果大家不清楚的请查看本人之前翻译的《Monkey源码分析番外篇之Android注入事件的三种方法比较》。 /** * Dispatch a trackball event. Finished at some point after the recipient has * returned from its event processing, though it may <em>not</em> have * completely finished reacting from the event -- for example, if it needs * to update its display as a result, it may still be in the process of * doing that. * * @param event A motion event describing the trackball action. (As noted in * {@link MotionEvent#obtain(long, long, int, float, float, int)}, be sure to use * {@link SystemClock#uptimeMillis()} as the timebase. */ public void sendTrackballEventSync(MotionEvent event) { validateNotAppThread(); if ((event.getSource() & InputDevice.SOURCE_CLASS_TRACKBALL) == 0) { event.setSource(InputDevice.SOURCE_TRACKBALL); } InputManager.getInstance().injectInputEvent(event, InputManager.INJECT_INPUT_EVENT_MODE_WAIT_FOR_FINISH); }最后我们看下点击事件，同样，使用的也是无一例外的InputManager的事件注入方式： /** * Dispatch a pointer event. Finished at some point after the recipient has * returned from its event processing, though it may <em>not</em> have * completely finished reacting from the event -- for example, if it needs * to update its display as a result, it may still be in the process of * doing that. * * @param event A motion event describing the pointer action. (As noted in * {@link MotionEvent#obtain(long, long, int, float, float, int)}, be sure to use * {@link SystemClock#uptimeMillis()} as the timebase. */ public void sendPointerSync(MotionEvent event) { validateNotAppThread(); if ((event.getSource() & InputDevice.SOURCE_CLASS_POINTER) == 0) { event.setSource(InputDevice.SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN); } InputManager.getInstance().injectInputEvent(event, InputManager.INJECT_INPUT_EVENT_MODE_WAIT_FOR_FINISH); }| Method | Control by User(Instrumentation) | Control by OS | Comment |
| onCreate | callActivityOnCreate | onCreate | |
| onDestroy | callActivityOnDestroy | onDestroy | |
| onStart | callActivityOnStart | onStarty | |
| … | | | |
/** * Perform calling of an activity's {@link Activity#onCreate} * method. The default implementation simply calls through to that method. * * @param activity The activity being created. * @param icicle The previously frozen state (or null) to pass through to * onCreate(). */ public void callActivityOnCreate(Activity activity, Bundle icicle) { ... activity.performCreate(icicle); ... }从代码可以看到它做的事情也就是直接调用Activity类的performCreate方法： final void performCreate(Bundle icicle) { onCreate(icicle); mVisibleFromClient = !mWindow.getWindowStyle().getBoolean( com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowNoDisplay, false); 而performCreate方法最终调用的就是onCreate方法。注意performCreate这个方法是属于Internal API，它不是public出去给外部使用的. /** * Gets the {@link UiAutomation} instance. * <p> * <strong>Note:</strong> The APIs exposed via the returned {@link UiAutomation} * work across application boundaries while the APIs exposed by the instrumentation * do not. For example, {@link Instrumentation#sendPointerSync(MotionEvent)} will * not allow you to inject the event in an app different from the instrumentation * target, while {@link UiAutomation#injectInputEvent(android.view.InputEvent, boolean)} * will work regardless of the current application. * </p> * <p> * A typical test case should be using either the {@link UiAutomation} or * {@link Instrumentation} APIs. Using both APIs at the same time is not * a mistake by itself but a client has to be aware of the APIs limitations. * </p> * @return The UI automation instance. * * @see UiAutomation */ public UiAutomation getUiAutomation() { if (mUiAutomationConnection != null) { if (mUiAutomation == null) { mUiAutomation = new UiAutomation(getTargetContext().getMainLooper(), mUiAutomationConnection); mUiAutomation.connect(); } return mUiAutomation; } return null; }关于UiAutomation更多的描述请查看本人上一个系列关于UiAutomator源码分析的文章，这里列出来方便大家浏览：/* * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package come.example.android.notepad.test; import android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2; import com.example.android.notepad.NotesList; import com.example.android.notepad.NoteEditor; import com.example.android.notepad.NotesList; import com.example.android.notepad.R; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.Instrumentation; import android.app.Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor; import android.content.Intent; import android.os.SystemClock; import android.test.InstrumentationTestCase; import android.view.KeyEvent; import android.widget.TextView; /** * Make sure that the main launcher activity opens up properly, which will be * verified by {@link #testActivityTestCaseSetUpProperly}. */ public class NotePadTest extends ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2<NotesList> { NotesList mActivity = null; /** * Creates an {@link ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2} for the {@link NotesList} activity. */ public NotePadTest() { super(NotesList.class); } //private static Instrumentation instrumentation = new Instrumentation(); @Override protected void setUp() throws Exception { super.setUp(); //Start the NotesList activity by instrument Intent intent = new Intent(); intent.setClassName("com.example.android.notepad", NotesList.class.getName()); intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK); Instrumentation inst = getInstrumentation(); mActivity = (NotesList) inst.startActivitySync(intent); } @Override protected void tearDown() { mActivity.finish(); try { super.tearDown(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } /** * Verifies that the activity under test can be launched. */ /* public void testActivityTestCaseSetUpProperly() { assertNotNull("activity should be launched successfully", getActivity()); } */ public void testActivity() throws Exception { //Add activity monitor to check whether the NoteEditor activity's ready ActivityMonitor am = getInstrumentation().addMonitor(NoteEditor.class.getName(), null, false); //Evoke the system menu and press on the menu entry "Add note"; getInstrumentation().sendKeyDownUpSync(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_MENU); getInstrumentation().invokeMenuActionSync(mActivity, R.id.menu_add, 0); //Direct to the NoteEditor activity Activity noteEditorActivity = getInstrumentation().waitForMonitorWithTimeout(am, 60000); assertEquals(NoteEditor.class,noteEditorActivity.getClass()); SystemClock.sleep(3000); //assertEquals(true, getInstrumentation().checkMonitorHit(am, 1)); TextView noteEditor = (TextView) noteEditorActivity.findViewById(R.id.note); //Get the text directly, DON'T need to runOnMainSync at all!!! String text = noteEditor.getText().toString(); assertEquals(text,""); //runOnMainSync to change the text getInstrumentation().runOnMainSync(new PerformSetText(noteEditor,"Note1")); //inject events to change the text getInstrumentation().sendCharacterSync(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_1); getInstrumentation().sendCharacterSync(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_2); getInstrumentation().sendCharacterSync(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_P); getInstrumentation().sendStringSync("gotohell"); //getInstrumentation().callActivityOnPause(noteEditorActivity); Thread.sleep(5000); //getInstrumentation().callActivityOnResume(noteEditorActivity); //Save the new created note getInstrumentation().sendKeyDownUpSync(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_MENU); getInstrumentation().invokeMenuActionSync(noteEditorActivity, R.id.menu_save, 0); } private class PerformSetText implements Runnable { TextView tv; String txt; public PerformSetText(TextView t,String text) { tv = t; txt = text; } public void run() { tv.setText(txt); } } }<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="539" class=" " style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; 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margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">作者</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="112" height="13" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-break: break-all; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(190, 192, 191);"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自主博客</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="111" height="13" style="border-style: solid; 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word-wrap: break-word !important;">天地会珠海分舵</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="112" height="39" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-break: break-all; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target=_blank href="http://techgogogo.com/">http://techgogogo.com</a></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; 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