kubernetes系列教程(五)初识核心概念pod

发布时间:2020-03-04 19:40:32 作者:liuhaiping123
来源:网络 阅读:338

写在前面

前面的系列文章已介绍kubernetes架构,安装,升级和快速入门,读者通过文章的实操已对kubernetes已有初步的认识和理解,从本章开始逐步介绍kubernetes中的基础概念概念和核心概念,基础概念包括:namespace,labels,annotations,pods,volumes等;核心概念包含kubernetes中各种controller,包含以下几种:

1. 深入学习pod

1.1 Container介绍

容器是一种便携式,轻量级别的容器虚拟化技术,使用linux cggroup技术实现各种资源的隔离,如cpu,memory,pid,mount,IPC等,相比于虚拟化技术如KVM,容器技术更加轻量级,它的产生主要解决环境的环境发布的问题,目前主流的容器技术是docker,说到容器,一般都等同于docker。

要运行容器首先需要有镜像,应用和应用依赖的环境运行在容器中,在kubernetes中不会直接运行container,而是运行pod,一个pod里面包含多个container,container之间共享相同的namespace,network,storage等。镜像存储在私有镜像或者公有镜像中,运行时通过docker image pull的方式拉取到本地运行,images的拉取策略包含有两种:

1.2 Pod概念介绍

Pods是kubernetes中最小的调度单位,Pods内运行一个或者多个container,container之间共享pod的网络ip资源,存储volume资源,计算等资源,方便pod内部的container之间能够实现快速的访问和交互。

kubernetes系列教程(五)初识核心概念pod

如上图所示,Pod的使用方式通常包含两种:

1.3 如何创建pod

kubernetes中通过定义生申明式的方式定义资源,即通过在yaml文件中定义所需的资源,kubernetes通过controller-manager按照yaml文件中定义的资源去生成所需的资源(match the current state to desired state)。通常在kubernetes中通过yaml文件的方式定义资源,然后通过kubectl create -f 文件.yaml的方式应用配置,如下演示创建一个nginx应用的操作。

1、编写yaml文件,定义一个pod资源

[root@node-1 demo]# cat nginx.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-demo
  labels:
    name: nginx-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-demo
    image: nginx:1.7.9
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    ports:
    - name: nginx-port-80
      protocol: TCP
      containerPort: 80

关于配置文件,说明如下:

2、创建pod应用

[root@node-1 demo]# kubectl apply -f nginx.yaml 
pod/nginx-demo created

3、访问应用

获取容器的IP地址
[root@node-1 demo]# kubectl get pods -o wide 
NAME                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
demo-7b86696648-8bq7h   1/1     Running   0          8h    10.244.1.11   node-2   <none>           <none>
demo-7b86696648-8qp46   1/1     Running   0          8h    10.244.1.10   node-2   <none>           <none>
demo-7b86696648-d6hfw   1/1     Running   0          8h    10.244.1.12   node-2   <none>           <none>
nginx-demo              1/1     Running   0          50s   10.244.2.11   node-3   <none>           <none>

访问站点内容:
[root@node-1 demo]# curl http://10.244.2.11
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Welcome to nginx!</h2>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

前面我们我们学习过kubernetes支持滚动升级RollingUpdate,弹性扩容replicas等特性,如何给Pod做滚动升级保障业务不中断,如何提高Pod的副本个数保障高可用呢?答案是:不支持。Pod是单个,无法支持一些高级特性,高级特性需要通过高级的副本控制器如ReplicaSets,Deployments,StatefulSets,DaemonSets等才能支持。Pod在实际应用中很少用,除了测试和运行一些简单的功能外,实际使用建议使用Deployments代替,Pod的定义以Template的方式嵌入在副本控制器中。

2. 如何编写yaml文件

前面我们提到过kubernetse是申明式的方式部署应用,应用的部署都定义在yaml文件中来实现,如何来编写应用的yaml文件呢,下面我来分享两个世纪使用的技巧:

1、通过定义模版快速生成,kubectl create apps -o yaml --dry-run的方式生成,--dry-run仅仅是试运行,并不实际在k8s集群中运行,通过指定-o yaml输出yaml格式文件,生成后给基于模版修改即可,如下:

[root@node-1 demo]# kubectl create deployment demo --image=nginx:latest  --dry-run -o yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    app: demo
  name: demo
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: demo
  strategy: {}
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: demo
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx:latest
        name: nginx
        resources: {}
status: {}

2、explain命令,explain命令堪称是语法查询器,可以查到每个字段的含义,使用说明和使用方式,如想要查看Pod的spec中containers其他支持的字段,可以通过kubectl explain Pod.spec.containers的方式查询,如下:

[root@node-1 demo]# kubectl explain Pods.spec.containers
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1

RESOURCE: containers <[]Object>

DESCRIPTION:
     List of containers belonging to the pod. Containers cannot currently be
     added or removed. There must be at least one container in a Pod. Cannot be
     updated.

     A single application container that you want to run within a pod.

FIELDS:
   args <[]string> #命令参数
     Arguments to the entrypoint. The docker image's CMD is used if this is not
     provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the
     container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in
     the input string will be unchanged. The $(VAR_NAME) syntax can be escaped
     with a double $$, ie: $$(VAR_NAME). Escaped references will never be
     expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Cannot be
     updated. More info:
     https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#running-a-command-in-a-shell

   image    <string> #镜像定义
     Docker image name. More info:
     https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images This field is
     optional to allow higher level config management to default or override
     container images in workload controllers like Deployments and StatefulSets.

   ports    <[]Object> #端口定义
     List of ports to expose from the container. Exposing a port here gives the
     system additional information about the network connections a container
     uses, but is primarily informational. Not specifying a port here DOES NOT
     prevent that port from being exposed. Any port which is listening on the
     default "0.0.0.0" address inside a container will be accessible from the
     network. Cannot be updated.

   readinessProbe   <Object> #可用健康检查
     Periodic probe of container service readiness. Container will be removed
     from service endpoints if the probe fails. Cannot be updated. More info:
     https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-lifecycle#container-probes

   resources    <Object> #资源设置
     Compute Resources required by this container. Cannot be updated. More info:
     https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/

...省略部分输出...
   volumeMounts <[]Object> #挂载存储
     Pod volumes to mount into the container's filesystem. Cannot be updated.

   workingDir   <string>
     Container's working directory. If not specified, the container runtime's
     default will be used, which might be configured in the container image.
     Cannot be updated.

关于explain内容解释说明

如继续上面的内容,如果需要查看resource资源定义,可以通过explain pods.spec.containers.resource来查看具体的使用方法。

通过上面两个工具的介绍,平时在日常工作中找到编写yaml文件部署应用的地图,建议手工多写几次,注意语法锁进,多写几次就熟悉了。Pod中设计到有很多的特性,如资源分配,健康检查,存储挂载等(参考附录文章),后续我们做详细介绍,Pod将以Template的方式嵌入到副本控制器如Deployments中。

4. 附录

容器镜像介绍:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images/

Pod介绍:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/

Resource限定内存资源:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-memory-resource/

Resource限定CPU资源:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource/

Pod挂载存储:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-volume-storage/

Pod配置健康检查:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-liveness-readiness-probes/


当你的才华撑不起你的野心时,你就应该静下心来学习

返回kubernetes系列教程目录

推荐阅读:
  1. Kubernetes集群组件介绍
  2. Kubernetes基本概念

免责声明:本站发布的内容(图片、视频和文字)以原创、转载和分享为主,文章观点不代表本网站立场,如果涉及侵权请联系站长邮箱:is@yisu.com进行举报,并提供相关证据,一经查实,将立刻删除涉嫌侵权内容。

kubernetes pod deployment

上一篇:Nmap高级技术与防御措施

下一篇:使用openstack本地源安装报错

相关阅读

您好,登录后才能下订单哦!

密码登录
登录注册
其他方式登录
点击 登录注册 即表示同意《亿速云用户服务条款》