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平衡二叉树是一种特殊的二叉搜索树,它通过保持树的平衡性来确保树的高度始终在可控范围内,从而保证查找、插入和删除等操作的时间复杂度为O(log n)。本文将详细介绍如何在C语言中实现平衡二叉树,重点讨论AVL树和红黑树这两种常见的平衡二叉树类型。
二叉搜索树(Binary Search Tree, BST)是一种特殊的二叉树,它满足以下性质:
二叉搜索树的查找、插入和删除操作的平均时间复杂度为O(log n),但在最坏情况下(如树退化为链表),时间复杂度会退化为O(n)。
平衡二叉树(Balanced Binary Tree)是一种特殊的二叉搜索树,它通过某种机制保持树的平衡性,使得树的高度始终在可控范围内。常见的平衡二叉树包括AVL树和红黑树。
平衡因子(Balance Factor)是衡量二叉树平衡性的一个重要指标。对于AVL树来说,平衡因子定义为某个节点的左子树高度减去右子树高度。平衡因子的绝对值不超过1时,树被认为是平衡的。
AVL树是最早发明的自平衡二叉搜索树之一。它通过旋转操作来保持树的平衡性,确保每个节点的平衡因子的绝对值不超过1。
红黑树是一种更为复杂的自平衡二叉搜索树,它通过颜色标记和旋转操作来保持树的平衡性。红黑树的平衡性要求比AVL树宽松,但在实际应用中,红黑树的性能通常与AVL树相当。
在C语言中,AVL树的节点可以定义如下:
typedef struct AVLNode {
int data;
struct AVLNode *left;
struct AVLNode *right;
int height; // 节点的高度
} AVLNode;
AVL树的插入操作与普通二叉搜索树的插入操作类似,但在插入后需要检查树的平衡性,并通过旋转操作来恢复平衡。
AVLNode* insert(AVLNode* node, int data) {
if (node == NULL) {
AVLNode* newNode = (AVLNode*)malloc(sizeof(AVLNode));
newNode->data = data;
newNode->left = NULL;
newNode->right = NULL;
newNode->height = 1;
return newNode;
}
if (data < node->data) {
node->left = insert(node->left, data);
} else if (data > node->data) {
node->right = insert(node->right, data);
} else {
return node; // 不允许插入重复数据
}
node->height = 1 + max(height(node->left), height(node->right));
int balance = getBalance(node);
// 左左情况
if (balance > 1 && data < node->left->data) {
return rightRotate(node);
}
// 右右情况
if (balance < -1 && data > node->right->data) {
return leftRotate(node);
}
// 左右情况
if (balance > 1 && data > node->left->data) {
node->left = leftRotate(node->left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
// 右左情况
if (balance < -1 && data < node->right->data) {
node->right = rightRotate(node->right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
return node;
}
AVL树的删除操作同样需要维护树的平衡性。删除节点后,需要检查树的平衡性,并通过旋转操作来恢复平衡。
AVLNode* deleteNode(AVLNode* root, int data) {
if (root == NULL) {
return root;
}
if (data < root->data) {
root->left = deleteNode(root->left, data);
} else if (data > root->data) {
root->right = deleteNode(root->right, data);
} else {
if ((root->left == NULL) || (root->right == NULL)) {
AVLNode* temp = root->left ? root->left : root->right;
if (temp == NULL) {
temp = root;
root = NULL;
} else {
*root = *temp;
}
free(temp);
} else {
AVLNode* temp = minValueNode(root->right);
root->data = temp->data;
root->right = deleteNode(root->right, temp->data);
}
}
if (root == NULL) {
return root;
}
root->height = 1 + max(height(root->left), height(root->right));
int balance = getBalance(root);
// 左左情况
if (balance > 1 && getBalance(root->left) >= 0) {
return rightRotate(root);
}
// 左右情况
if (balance > 1 && getBalance(root->left) < 0) {
root->left = leftRotate(root->left);
return rightRotate(root);
}
// 右右情况
if (balance < -1 && getBalance(root->right) <= 0) {
return leftRotate(root);
}
// 右左情况
if (balance < -1 && getBalance(root->right) > 0) {
root->right = rightRotate(root->right);
return leftRotate(root);
}
return root;
}
AVL树通过旋转操作来恢复平衡。常见的旋转操作包括左旋和右旋。
AVLNode* rightRotate(AVLNode* y) {
AVLNode* x = y->left;
AVLNode* T2 = x->right;
x->right = y;
y->left = T2;
y->height = max(height(y->left), height(y->right)) + 1;
x->height = max(height(x->left), height(x->right)) + 1;
return x;
}
AVLNode* leftRotate(AVLNode* x) {
AVLNode* y = x->right;
AVLNode* T2 = y->left;
y->left = x;
x->right = T2;
x->height = max(height(x->left), height(x->right)) + 1;
y->height = max(height(y->left), height(y->right)) + 1;
return y;
}
在C语言中,红黑树的节点可以定义如下:
typedef enum { RED, BLACK } Color;
typedef struct RBNode {
int data;
Color color;
struct RBNode *left;
struct RBNode *right;
struct RBNode *parent;
} RBNode;
红黑树的插入操作比AVL树复杂,因为需要维护红黑树的性质。插入节点后,可能需要进行颜色调整和旋转操作。
void insert(RBNode** root, int data) {
RBNode* newNode = createNode(data);
RBNode* parent = NULL;
RBNode* current = *root;
while (current != NULL) {
parent = current;
if (newNode->data < current->data) {
current = current->left;
} else {
current = current->right;
}
}
newNode->parent = parent;
if (parent == NULL) {
*root = newNode;
} else if (newNode->data < parent->data) {
parent->left = newNode;
} else {
parent->right = newNode;
}
newNode->left = NULL;
newNode->right = NULL;
newNode->color = RED;
fixViolation(root, newNode);
}
红黑树的删除操作同样复杂,删除节点后可能需要进行颜色调整和旋转操作。
void deleteNode(RBNode** root, int data) {
RBNode* node = search(*root, data);
if (node == NULL) {
return;
}
RBNode* child;
RBNode* parent;
Color originalColor = node->color;
if (node->left == NULL) {
child = node->right;
transplant(root, node, node->right);
} else if (node->right == NULL) {
child = node->left;
transplant(root, node, node->left);
} else {
RBNode* successor = minimum(node->right);
originalColor = successor->color;
child = successor->right;
if (successor->parent == node) {
if (child != NULL) {
child->parent = successor;
}
} else {
transplant(root, successor, successor->right);
successor->right = node->right;
successor->right->parent = successor;
}
transplant(root, node, successor);
successor->left = node->left;
successor->left->parent = successor;
successor->color = node->color;
}
if (originalColor == BLACK) {
fixDeleteViolation(root, child);
}
free(node);
}
红黑树的颜色调整和旋转操作是维护红黑树性质的关键。
void fixViolation(RBNode** root, RBNode* node) {
RBNode* parent = NULL;
RBNode* grandparent = NULL;
while ((node != *root) && (node->color != BLACK) && (node->parent->color == RED)) {
parent = node->parent;
grandparent = parent->parent;
if (parent == grandparent->left) {
RBNode* uncle = grandparent->right;
if (uncle != NULL && uncle->color == RED) {
grandparent->color = RED;
parent->color = BLACK;
uncle->color = BLACK;
node = grandparent;
} else {
if (node == parent->right) {
leftRotate(root, parent);
node = parent;
parent = node->parent;
}
rightRotate(root, grandparent);
swapColors(parent, grandparent);
node = parent;
}
} else {
RBNode* uncle = grandparent->left;
if (uncle != NULL && uncle->color == RED) {
grandparent->color = RED;
parent->color = BLACK;
uncle->color = BLACK;
node = grandparent;
} else {
if (node == parent->left) {
rightRotate(root, parent);
node = parent;
parent = node->parent;
}
leftRotate(root, grandparent);
swapColors(parent, grandparent);
node = parent;
}
}
}
(*root)->color = BLACK;
}
void leftRotate(RBNode** root, RBNode* x) {
RBNode* y = x->right;
x->right = y->left;
if (y->left != NULL) {
y->left->parent = x;
}
y->parent = x->parent;
if (x->parent == NULL) {
*root = y;
} else if (x == x->parent->left) {
x->parent->left = y;
} else {
x->parent->right = y;
}
y->left = x;
x->parent = y;
}
void rightRotate(RBNode** root, RBNode* y) {
RBNode* x = y->left;
y->left = x->right;
if (x->right != NULL) {
x->right->parent = y;
}
x->parent = y->parent;
if (y->parent == NULL) {
*root = x;
} else if (y == y->parent->right) {
y->parent->right = x;
} else {
y->parent->left = x;
}
x->right = y;
y->parent = x;
}
平衡二叉树广泛应用于需要高效查找、插入和删除操作的场景,如数据库索引、内存管理、编译器符号表等。AVL树和红黑树在实际应用中各有优劣,选择合适的平衡二叉树类型取决于具体的应用场景和性能需求。
平衡二叉树通过保持树的平衡性,确保了查找、插入和删除操作的高效性。本文详细介绍了如何在C语言中实现AVL树和红黑树这两种常见的平衡二叉树类型,并讨论了它们的应用场景。希望本文能为读者提供有关平衡二叉树的深入理解,并帮助读者在实际项目中应用这些数据结构。
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