运维自动化神器ansible之user模块

发布时间:2020-08-03 23:55:50 作者:wx599981d853f0f
来源:网络 阅读:1364

运维自动化神器ansible之user模块

一、概述

 
user模块 可管理远程主机上的 用户,比如创建用户、修改用户、删除用户、为用户创建密钥对等操作。

二、参数介绍

 

三、参数详解

 
下列英文文档部分来自于 ansible-doc,参数的修饰符号"=""-"
OPTIONS (= is mandatory):= 号开始的为必须给出的参数

3.1 name

name: 用于指定操作的 user必须项

= name
        Name of the user to create, remove or modify.
        (Aliases: user)
        type: str

 

3.1.1 示例

使用 ansiblenote1 节点上增加 test 用户

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=test"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1000, 
    "home": "/home/test", 
    "name": "test", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1000
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 

验证 用户 是否 添加 成功,查看 note1 节点下的 /etc/passwd 文件

[root@note1 ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd
test:x:1000:1000::/home/test:/bin/bash

 

3.2 uid

uid: 用于指定 userUID默认为空

- uid
        Optionally sets the `UID' of the user.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: int
3.2.1 示例

使用 ansiblenote1 节点上增加 testuid 用户

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuid uid=2000"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 2000, 
    "home": "/home/testuid", 
    "name": "testuid", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 2000
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证 用户 是否 添加 成功,查看 note1 节点下的 /etc/passwd 文件

[root@note1 ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd
testuid:x:2000:2000::/home/testuid:/bin/bash
3.3 state

state: 参数用于指定用户是否存在远程主机中。
可选值presentabsent
默认值present,表示用户存在,相当于在远程主机创建用户;
当设置为 absent 时表示用户不存在,相当于在远程主机删除用户。

- state
        Whether the account should exist or not, taking action if the state is different from what is stated.
        (Choices: absent, present)[Default: present]
        type: str
3.3.1 示例

使用 ansiblenote1 节点上删除 test 用户

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=test state=absent"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "force": false, 
    "name": "test", 
    "remove": false, 
    "state": "absent"
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证 用户 是否 删除 成功,查看 note1 节点下是否存在 test 用户

[root@note1 ~]# id test
id: test: no such user
3.4 remove

remove: 参数在 state=absent 时使用,等价于 userdel --remove 布尔类型,默认值false

- remove
        This only affects `state=absent', it attempts to remove directories associated with the user.
        The behavior is the same as `userdel --remove', check the man page for details and support.
        [Default: False]
        type: bool
3.4.1 示例1

示例3.3.1 中我们已经使用 ansiblenote1 节点上删除了 test 用户,现在让我们查看test用户home目录是否存在。

[root@note1 ~]# cd /home
#查看home目录
[root@note1 home]# ll
总用量 0
drwx------ 2    1000    1000 59 7月   9 16:41 test
drwx------ 2 testuid testuid 59 7月   9 17:01 testuid
[root@note1 home]#

我们可以看到,通过state=absent删除的用户home目录还存在,下面我们来演示一下彻底删除一个用户。

3.4.2 示例2

使用 ansiblenote1 节点上删除 testuid 用户

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuid state=absent remove=yes"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "force": false, 
    "name": "testuid", 
    "remove": true, 
    "state": "absent"
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
下面我们来验证一下,用户home目录是否彻底删除

#查看testuid用户是否存在
[root@note1 home]# id testuid
id: testuid: no such user
#查看home目录
[root@note1 home]# ll
总用量 0
drwx------ 2 1000 1000 59 7月   9 16:41 test
[root@note1 home]#
3.5 group

group: 参数用于指定用户 主组默认值,创建的用户组名用户名一致。

- group
        Optionally sets the user's primary group (takes a group name).
        [Default: (null)]
        type: str
3.5.1 示例

使用 ansiblenote1 节点上 创建test 用户,并指定主组为 testgrp

#首先创建使用ansible创建testgrp组
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m group -a "name=testgrp state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 1000, 
    "name": "testgrp", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false
}
#使用ansible创建test用户
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=test group=testgrp state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1000, 
    "home": "/home/test", 
    "name": "test", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1000
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证 用户 是否 创建 成功

[root@note1 home]# id test
uid=1000(test) gid=1000(testgrp) 组=1000(testgrp)
3.6 groups、append

groups: 参数用于指定用户属组,可以在创建用户时指定用户属组,也可以管理已经存在的用户属组。

groups列表类型,多个参数以逗号分隔,例如 groups='grp,mygrp'默认值 ,也可以设置空字符串 groups=''groups=`null`groups=`~` ,将用户从其他属组 移除

append: 跟groups参数一起使用管理用户属组。布尔类型,默认为false,如果 append='yes' ,则从groups参数中增加用户的属组;如果 append='no' ,则用户属组只设置为groups中的组,移除其他所有属组。

- groups
        List of groups user will be added to. When set to an empty string `''', `null', or `~', the user is removed from all groups
        except the primary group. (`~' means `null' in YAML)
        Before Ansible 2.3, the only input format allowed was a comma separated string.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: list

- append
        If `yes', add the user to the groups specified in `groups'.
        If `no', user will only be added to the groups specified in `groups', removing them from all other groups.
        [Default: False]
        type: bool
3.6.1 示例1-创建用户时指定属组

先使用 ansiblenote1 节点上创建 mygrp1mygrp2mygrp3 测试组

#首先创建使用创建测试组
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m group -a "name=mygrp1 gid=2001 state=present"
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m group -a "name=mygrp2 gid=2002 state=present"
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m group -a "name=mygrp3 gid=2003 state=present"

#测试组创建成功
[root@note1 home]# cat /etc/group
mygrp1:x:2001:
mygrp2:x:2002:
mygrp3:x:2003:

 
创建用户 testuser,并指定属组为 mygrp1 mygrp2

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuser groups=mygrp1,mygrp2 state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1001, 
    "groups": "mygrp1,mygrp2", 
    "home": "/home/testuser", 
    "name": "testuser", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证用户 testuser属组mygrp1mygrp2

[root@note1 home]# id testuser
uid=1001(testuser) gid=1001(testuser) 组=1001(testuser),2001(mygrp1),2002(mygrp2)
3.6.2 示例2-已创建用户增加属组

testuser属组变更为mygrp1mygrp2mygrp3

3.6.2.1 不使用append,使用groups指明用户的所有属组即可
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuser groups='mygrp1,mygrp2,mygrp3' state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "append": false, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "group": 1001, 
    "groups": "mygrp1,mygrp2,mygrp3", 
    "home": "/home/testuser", 
    "move_home": false, 
    "name": "testuser", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证用户testuser属组是否为mygrp1mygrp2mygrp3

[root@note1 home]# id testuser
uid=1001(testuser) gid=1001(testuser) 组=1001(testuser),2001(mygrp1),2002(mygrp2),2003(mygrp3)
3.6.2.2 使用append属性

先将testuser用户属组还原为mygrp1mygrp2
增加属组mygrp3

#使用append=yes时,只将要添加的属组填入groups参数中即可。
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuser groups='mygrp3' append=yes state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "append": true, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "group": 1001, 
    "groups": "mygrp3", 
    "home": "/home/testuser", 
    "move_home": false, 
    "name": "testuser", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证用户testuser属组是否为mygrp1mygrp2mygrp3

[root@note1 home]# id testuser
uid=1001(testuser) gid=1001(testuser) 组=1001(testuser),2001(mygrp1),2002(mygrp2),2003(mygrp3)
3.6.3 示例3-已创建用户移除属组

testuser属组变更为mygrp1

3.6.3.1 不使用append,使用groups指明用户的所有属组即可
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuser groups='mygrp1' state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "append": false, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "group": 1001, 
    "groups": "mygrp1", 
    "home": "/home/testuser", 
    "move_home": false, 
    "name": "testuser", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证用户testuser属组是否为mygrp1

[root@note1 home]# id testuser
uid=1001(testuser) gid=1001(testuser) 组=1001(testuser),2001(mygrp1)
3.6.3.2 使用append属性

先将testuser用户属组还原为mygrp1mygrp2mygrp3
变更用户testuser属组为mygrp3

#使用append=no时,用户的属组只设置为groups参数中的组
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testuser groups='mygrp1' append='no' state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "append": false, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "group": 1001, 
    "groups": "mygrp1", 
    "home": "/home/testuser", 
    "move_home": false, 
    "name": "testuser", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
验证用户testuser属组是否为mygrp1

[root@note1 home]# id testuser
uid=1001(testuser) gid=1001(testuser) 组=1001(testuser),2001(mygrp1)
3.7 passwd

passwd: 参数用于指定用户密码,但是这个密码不能明文密码,而是一个对明文密码加密后字符串,相当于 /etc/shadow 文件中的密码字段,是一个对明文密码进行哈希后的字符串,可以使用命令生成明文密码对应的加密字符串

- password
        Optionally set the user's password to this crypted value.
        On macOS systems, this value has to be cleartext. Beware of security issues.
        To create a disabled account on Linux systems, set this to `'!'' or `'*''.
        See https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/faq.html#how-do-i-generate-crypted-passwords-for-the-user-module for details on various
        ways to generate these password values.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: str

 
要生成md5算法的密码,使用openssl即可。

openssl passwd -1 '123456'
openssl passwd -1 -salt 'abcdefg' '123456'

 
openssl passwd 不支持生成sha-256sha-512算法的密码。使用python命令生成sha-512算法

python -c 'import crypt,getpass;pw="123456";print(crypt.crypt(pw))'

 
现在就方便多了,直接将结果赋值变量即可。

[root@note0 ~]# a=$(python -c 'import crypt,getpass;pw="123456";print(crypt.crypt(pw))')
[root@note0 ~]# echo $a
$6$uKhnBg5A4/jC8KaU$scXof3ZwtYWl/6ckD4GFOpsQa8eDu6RDbHdlFcRLd/2cDv5xYe8hzw5ekYCV5L2gLBBSfZ.Uc166nz6TLchlp.

 
例如,ansible创建用户并指定密码:

[root@note0 ~]# a=$(python -c 'import crypt,getpass;pw="123456";print(crypt.crypt(pw))')
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a 'name=testpass password="$a" update_password=always'
 [WARNING]: The input password appears not to have been hashed. The 'password' argument must be encrypted for this module to work properly.

176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1005, 
    "home": "/home/testpass", 
    "name": "testpass", 
    "password": "NOT_LOGGING_PASSWORD", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1005
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
登录验证

[root@note0 ~]# ssh testpass@note1
testpass@note1's password: 
Last login: Thu Jul 11 00:12:57 2019 from note0
[testpass@note1 ~]$ who am i
testpass pts/1        2019-07-11 00:13 (note0)
[testpass@note1 ~]$
3.8 expires

expires: 参数用于指定用户过期时间,相当于设置 /etc/shadow 文件中的的 第8列 ,比如,你想要设置用户的过期日期为2019年07月10日,那么你首先要获取2019年07月10日的 unix 时间戳,使用命令 date -d 20190710 +%s 获取到的时间戳1562688000,所以,当设置 expires=1562688000 时,表示用户的过期时间2019年07月10日0点0分,设置成功后,查看远程主机的 /etc/shadow 文件,对应用户的第8列的值将变成18086(表示1970年1月1日到2019年07月10日的天数,unix 时间戳的值会自动转换为天数,我们不用手动的进行换算),当前ansible版本此参数支持在GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, and DragonFlyBSD 系统中使用。

3.8.1 示例

设置一个过期时间20190710的用户testexprie

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testexpire expires=1562688000 comment='expires date is 20190710' state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "expires date is 20190710", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1003, 
    "home": "/home/testexpire", 
    "name": "testexpire", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1003
}
[root@note0 ~]#

 
note1上验证testexprie用户

[root@note1 home]# cat /etc/shadow
testexpire:!!:18086:0:99999:7::18086:

登录失败,提示账号过期

[root@note0 ~]# ssh testexpire@note1
testexpire@note1's password: 
Your account has expired; please contact your system administrator
Connection closed by 176.16.128.1
3.9 home

home: 参数用于指定用户home目录,值为路径

- home
        Optionally set the user's home directory.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: path

- create_home
        Unless set to `no', a home directory will be made for the user when the account is created or if the home directory does not
        exist.
        Changed from `createhome' to `create_home' in Ansible 2.5.
        (Aliases: createhome)[Default: True]
        type: bool

- move_home
        If set to `yes' when used with `home: ', attempt to move the user's old home directory to the specified directory if it isn't
        there already and the old home exists.
        [Default: False]
        type: bool
3.9.1 示例
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testhome home=/home/testdir state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1004, 
    "home": "/home/testdir", 
    "name": "testhome", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1004
}
[root@note0 ~]# 

 
验证testhome用户的home目录

# 首先登录note1节点,su到testhome用户
[root@note1 ~]# su - testhome
# cd 到主目录
[testhome@note1 ~]$ cd ~
# 执行pwd
[testhome@note1 ~]$ pwd
/home/testdir
[testhome@note1 ~]$
3.10 move_home

_move_home:_ 如果设置为yes,结合home= 使用,临时迁移用户家目录特定目录

 - move_home
        If set to `yes' when used with `home: ', attempt to move the user's old home directory to the specified directory if it isn't
        there already and the old home exists.
        [Default: False]
        type: bool
3.10.1 示例

首先创建testmove用户,然后在testmove用户home目录下创建test_move_home.txt文件

#创建testmove用户。
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testmove state=present"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1006, 
    "home": "/home/testmove", 
    "name": "testmove", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1006
}
#使用ansible的file模块在testmove用户home目录下创建test_move_home.txt文件
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m file -a "path=/home/testmove/test_move_home.txt state=touch"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/home/testmove/test_move_home.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 0, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}

#在note1节点上,查看/home/testmove下是否存在test_move_home.txt
[root@note1 ~]# cd /home/testmove
[root@note1 testmove]# ll
总用量 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 7月  11 06:22 test_move_home.txt
[root@note1 testmove]#

使用ansible的move_home参数迁移用户home目录

#迁移testmove用户的home目录至/tmp/testmove_new
[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "user=testmove move_home=yes home=/tmp/testmove_new/"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "append": false, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "group": 1006, 
    "home": "/tmp/testmove_new/", 
    "move_home": true, 
    "name": "testmove", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "uid": 1006
}
[root@note0 ~]#

验证迁移的新home目录下是否存在test_move_home.txt文件

[root@note1 testmove]# cd /tmp/testmove_new/
[root@note1 testmove_new]# ll
总用量 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 7月  11 06:22 test_move_home.txt
[root@note1 testmove_new]#
3.11 generate_ssh_key

_generate_ssh_key:_ 参数用于指定是否生成ssh密钥对布尔类型默认为false。当设置为yes时,为用户生成 ssh 密钥对,默认在 ~/.ssh 目录中生成名为 id_rsa私钥id_rsa.pub公钥,如果同名密钥已经存在,则不做任何操作。

 - generate_ssh_key
        Whether to generate a SSH key for the user in question.
        This will *not* overwrite an existing SSH key unless used with `force=yes'.
        [Default: False]
        type: bool
        version_added: 0.9
3.11.1 示例

使用ansible创建testssh用户,并生成ssh_key。

[root@note0 ~]# ansible note1 -m user -a "name=testssh state=present generate_ssh_key=yes"
176.16.128.1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1007, 
    "home": "/home/testssh", 
    "name": "testssh", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "ssh_fingerprint": "2048 07:18:48:ea:f1:dc:95:22:75:fc:b5:5e:80:25:a7:1f  ansible-generated on note1 (RSA)", 
    "ssh_key_file": "/home/testssh/.ssh/id_rsa", 
    "ssh_public_key": "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDIrQCOP11FK/s50vpOm/z+hXEmet+oEdWqGbyQD0JdN0AJrS/MzHZF3v+sjMf4SoDL7PafPYnFY4iVEtNOuBK8uvQgziVXVRxPs7h9Yy+ZdFw8qFjeiC74pKl+0Mqq49I9TD1GMbOQRd0K7nTycymCAX0MW5lQz7q44f3qa4+4y8C63xxi/4H9x3lJ+JsjDDIzKo4i69CnqU3Bn+0HzfxYi9j63HtcdLF8OwVfyF73lK6xd+vK68AaxRfPIOEj4KJXU3iMdiM5zVvMZgjEKyaGKPJD/uQl35MV2oazmFHTHWrKgA5AXwJEMKJYJzF6a8Z6SrmSnvxp6TpnMmbXAjev ansible-generated on note1", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1007
}
[root@note0 ~]#

验证note1节点下的ssh_key文件

[root@note1 ~]# cd /home/testssh/.ssh
[root@note1 .ssh]# ll
总用量 8
-rw------- 1 testssh testssh 1679 7月  11 06:39 id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 testssh testssh  408 7月  11 06:39 id_rsa.pub
[root@note1 .ssh]# cat id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDIrQCOP11FK/s50vpOm/z+hXEmet+oEdWqGbyQD0JdN0AJrS/MzHZF3v+sjMf4SoDL7PafPYnFY4iVEtNOuBK8uvQgziVXVRxPs7h9Yy+ZdFw8qFjeiC74pKl+0Mqq49I9TD1GMbOQRd0K7nTycymCAX0MW5lQz7q44f3qa4+4y8C63xxi/4H9x3lJ+JsjDDIzKo4i69CnqU3Bn+0HzfxYi9j63HtcdLF8OwVfyF73lK6xd+vK68AaxRfPIOEj4KJXU3iMdiM5zVvMZgjEKyaGKPJD/uQl35MV2oazmFHTHWrKgA5AXwJEMKJYJzF6a8Z6SrmSnvxp6TpnMmbXAjev ansible-generated on note1
[root@note1 .ssh]#

 
ansible的user模块常用参数就介绍到这里,不做过多赘述了。欢迎指点交流。

推荐阅读:
  1. 运维自动化神器ansible之安装(一)
  2. 运维自动化工具之Ansible

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ansible ping 自动化运维

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