CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

发布时间:2020-08-06 04:07:48 作者:SiceLc
来源:网络 阅读:1065

DHCP原理与配置

了解DHCP服务

使用DHCP的好处

DHCP的分配方式

DHCP的租约过程

使用DHCP动态配置主机地址

[root@localhost ~]# yum install dhcp -y

使用DHCP客户端

搭建DHCP中继服务

实验环境:

搭建服务

1、在GNS3中搭建DHCP中继服务的拓扑图,方便我们搭建服务的时候理清思路。在这里我使用一台win 10虚拟机、一台win 7虚拟机、一台CentOS 7虚拟机、两台c3725路由设备。首先添加两台路由设备,并在路由设备上添加磁盘空间方便我们创建vlan,添加2层交换接口,方便我们把路由设备做成一个3层交换设备与一个2层交换设备。添加三台host主机,分别更名为DHC、win 10、win 7,这个时候还需要我们在VMware 15虚拟机设备中添加两块虚拟网卡,设知道仅主机模式,这个时候在重新回到GNS3中使用链接线将设备接起来,这个实验中我们将划分3个vlan,分别将3台虚拟机划分到不同的vlan中(vlan地址划分:vlan10:192.168.10.1/24、vlan20:192.168.20.1/24、vlan100:192.168.100.1/24,给DHCP服务器指定静态IP地址 192.168.100.100。如下图所示:

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

2、打开VMware 15,开启win 10、win 7、CentOS 7虚拟机,在CentOS 7虚拟机中安装DHCP服务;安装完成后分别给win 10、win 7、CentOS 7虚拟机绑定网卡,win 10绑定VMnet2网卡,win 7绑定VMnet3网卡CentOS 7绑定VMnet1网卡;然会回到CentOS 7中配置静态路由、配置DHCP服务,完成后开启服务,关闭防火墙,关闭增强性安全文件。

[root@localhost ~]# yum install dhcp -y   //安装DHCP服务
已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks
base                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                              | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                             | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
(1/4): base/7/x86_64/group_gz                                                      | 166 kB  00:00:00     
(2/4): base/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                    | 6.0 MB  00:00:01    
...//省略部分内容...

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig  //查看网卡信息
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500   //此时无法获取IP地址
        inet6 fe80::a85a:c203:e2e:3f3c  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:5b:d3:a0  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 47  bytes 30451 (29.7 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 122  bytes 13596 (13.2 KiB)
        ...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33  //进入ens33网卡配置文件

TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=static          //更改dhcp为static配置静态IP地址
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=ens33
UUID=2ef6b862-5201-48c5-a450-23b3720ab3a0
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.100.100         //配置IP地址
NETMASK=255.255.255.0          //配置子网掩码
GATEWAY=192.168.100.1          //配置网关
~                                                                                      
~                                                                                         
:wq                             //保存退出    
[root@localhost ~]# service network restart          //重新启动网络服务
Restarting network (via systemctl):                        [  确定  ]
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig                          //查看网卡信息
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500  //获取静态IP地址
        inet 192.168.100.100  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.100.255
        inet6 fe80::a85a:c203:e2e:3f3c  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:5b:d3:a0  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 48  bytes 30694 (29.9 KiB)
        ...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf         //进入dhcp服务主配置文件

#
# DHCP Server Configuration file.
#   see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example  //显示dhcp配置文件模板位置
#   see dhcpd.conf(5) man page
#
~                                                                                      
...//省略部分内容...                                                                    
~                                                                                      
:r /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example  //将dhcpd配置文件模板写入主配置文件
//写入的著配置文件:
#
# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;

# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;

# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;

# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;

# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the    
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.

subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}                                                 //主要在此处做出更改

# This is a very basic subnet declaration.

subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
  range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;
  option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;
}

//更改后的配置文件信息:
...//省略部分内容...
# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the 
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.

subnet 192.168.100.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {       //更改IP网段
        range 192.168.100.100 192.168.100.200;     //可以分配的IP地址范围
        option routers 192.168.100.1;              //网关信息(注意,每段结束以;结尾)
}                                                  //注意最后的大括号不可删除,否则服务无法开启

subnet 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.10.100 192.168.10.200;    //添加vlan 10网段的地址分配条目
        option routers 192.168.10.1;
}

subnet 192.168.20.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.20.100 192.168.20.200;    //添加vlan 20网段的地址分配条目
        option routers 192.168.20.1;
}

# This is a very basic subnet declaration.
:wq     //保存退出
//因为我们这边设置了三个vlan,网段都不相同,所以三个网段都要添加

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start dhcpd       //开启dhcp服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status dhcpd      //查看服务是否开启
 dhcpd.service - DHCPv4 Server Daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since 三 2019-09-04 22:56:05 CST; 14s ago //服务成功开启
     Docs: man:dhcpd(8)
           man:dhcpd.conf(5)
 Main PID: 5343 (dhcpd)
   Status: "Dispatching packets..."
   CGroup: /system.slice/dhcpd.service
           └─5343 /usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhc...

9月 04 22:56:05 localhost.localdomain dhcpd[5343]: No subnet declaration for virbr....
...//省略部分内容...
9月 04 22:56:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started DHCPv4 Server Daemon.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

3、DHCP服务开启后我们回到GNS3中,开启添加的3层交换机与2层交换机,并双击进入3层交换设备与2层交换设备,在2层交换设备中配置vlan,并将接入链路分别接入相对应的vlan中,将f1/0接口配置为trunk链路,在3层交换设备中同样设置vlan,然后进入vlan中配置IP地址,并指定IP地址192.168.100.100可以通过vlan在局域网中通信,最后将f1/0接口同样配置为trunk链路。

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

sw2#conf t                 //在2层交换设备中进入全局模式
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw2(config)#vlan 10,20,100   //配置vlan10、20、100
sw2(config-vlan)#ex           //退出vlan接口
sw2(config)#do show vlan-sw b //查看vlna是否配置成功

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa1/0, Fa1/1, Fa1/2, Fa1/3
                                                Fa1/4, Fa1/5, Fa1/6, Fa1/7
                                                Fa1/8, Fa1/9, Fa1/10, Fa1/11
                                                Fa1/12, Fa1/13, Fa1/14, Fa1/15
10   VLAN0010                         active    
20   VLAN0020                         active    //配置的vlan
100  VLAN0100                         active    
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 
sw2(config)#int f1/1       //进入f1/1接口
sw2(config-if)#sw m acc    //进入配置链路
sw2(config-if)#sw acc vlan 100 //将链路接入vlan100
sw2(config-if)#ex          //退出
sw2(config)#int f1/2        //进入f1/2接口
sw2(config-if)#sw m acc      //进入配置链路
sw2(config-if)#sw acc vlan 10  //将链路接入vlan10
sw2(config-if)#ex              //退出
sw2(config)#int f1/3       //进入f1/3接口
sw2(config-if)#sw m acc      //进入配置链路
sw2(config-if)#sw acc vlan 20  //将链路接入vlan20
sw2(config-if)#ex             //退出
sw2(config)#do show vlan-sw b  //查看vlna

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa1/0, Fa1/4, Fa1/5, Fa1/6
                                                Fa1/7, Fa1/8, Fa1/9, Fa1/10
                                                Fa1/11, Fa1/12, Fa1/13, Fa1/14
                                                Fa1/15
10   VLAN0010                         active    Fa1/2   
20   VLAN0020                         active    Fa1/3      //链路成功接入vlan
100  VLAN0100                         active    Fa1/1
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 
sw2(config)#int f1/0           //进入f1/0接口
sw2(config-if)#sw m t          //将接口配置为trunk
sw2(config-if)#sw t en do       //在trunk链路中封装dot1q协议
sw2(config-if)#ex              //退出
sw2(config)#do show int f1/0 switchport  //查看接口是否配置成功
Name: Fa1/0
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: trunk           //成功配置trunk链路
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: Disabled
Access Mode VLAN: 0 ((Inactive))
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking VLANs Enabled: ALL
Trunking VLANs Active: 1,10,20,100
Protected: false
Priority for untagged frames: 0
Override vlan tag priority: FALSE
Voice VLAN: none 
Appliance trust: none
sw2(config)#no ip routing   //关闭2层交换设备路由功能
sw3(config)#vlan 10,20,100    //在3层交换设备中配置vlan10、20、100 
sw3(config-vlan)#ex            //退出  
sw3(config)#do show vlan-sw b    //查看vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa1/0, Fa1/1, Fa1/2, Fa1/3
                                                Fa1/4, Fa1/5, Fa1/6, Fa1/7
                                                Fa1/8, Fa1/9, Fa1/10, Fa1/11
                                                Fa1/12, Fa1/13, Fa1/14, Fa1/15
10   VLAN0010                         active    
20   VLAN0020                         active     //配置成功
100  VLAN0100                         active    
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 
sw3(config)#int vlan 10                        //进入虚拟接口vlan10 
sw3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0   //在接口中添加IP地址 
sw3(config-if)#ip helper-address 192.168.100.100   //指定IP地址192.168.100.100可通过接口
sw3(config-if)#no shut                            //开启配置
sw3(config-if)#ex                            //退出
sw3(config)#int vlan 20                  //进入虚拟接口vlan20
sw3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0   //在接口中添加IP地址 
sw3(config-if)#ip helper-address 192.168.100.100  //指定IP地址192.168.100.100可通过接口
sw3(config-if)#no shut                          //开启配置
sw3(config-if)#ex                            //退出
sw3(config)#int vlan 100               //进入虚拟接口vlan100
sw3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0 //在接口中添加IP地址 
sw3(config-if)#ip helper-address 192.168.100.100   //指定IP地址192.168.100.100可通过接口
sw3(config-if)#no shut                           //开启配置
sw3(config-if)#ex                      //退出
sw3(config)#int f1/0              //进入f1/0 接口
sw3(config-if)#sw m t            //配置为trunk链路
*Mar  1 00:22:18.607: %DTP-5-TRUNKPORTON: Port Fa1/0 has become dot1q trunk
*Mar  1 00:22:19.111: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan10, changed state to up
*Mar  1 00:22:19.119: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan20, changed state to up
*Mar  1 00:22:19.127: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan100, changed state to up
sw3(config-if)#sw t en do    //封装协议
sw3(config-if)#ex             //突出
sw3(config)#do show int f1/0 switchport  //查看trunk是否配置成功 
Name: Fa1/0
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: trunk      //成功配置trunk链路
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: Disabled
Access Mode VLAN: 0 ((Inactive))
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking VLANs Enabled: ALL
Trunking VLANs Active: 1,10,20,100
Protected: false
Priority for untagged frames: 0
Override vlan tag priority: FALSE
Voice VLAN: none 
Appliance trust: none 
sw3(config)#do show ip int b     //查看IP地址是否配入vlan,是否开启
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down    
FastEthernet0/1            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down    
FastEthernet1/0            unassigned      YES unset  up                    up      
FastEthernet1/1            unassigned      YES unset  up                    down    
...//省略部分内容... 
FastEthernet1/14           unassigned      YES unset  up                    down    
FastEthernet1/15           unassigned      YES unset  up                    down    
Vlan1                      unassigned      YES unset  up                    up      
Vlan10                     192.168.10.1    YES manual up                    up      
Vlan20                     192.168.20.1    YES manual up                    up      
Vlan100                    192.168.100.1   YES manual up                    up  
//成功配入,并开启

4、完成配置后我们来查看虚拟机客户端win 10、win 7是否自动获取IP地址

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

5、下面我们来给win 10 客户机指定固定的IP地址,首先在win 10客户机中获取win 10客户机网卡的MAC地址,然后会的CentOS 7系统中进入DHCP配置文件中进行设置

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)CentOS 7中DHCP的介绍与搭建DHCP中继服务(理论+实践)

推荐阅读:
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  2. CentOS作为DHCP分配IP地址以及DHCP中继链路是怎样的

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