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本文主要给大家介绍多种MySQL复制方法详解,其所涉及的东西,从理论知识来获悉,有很多书籍、文献可供大家参考,从现实意义角度出发,亿速云累计多年的实践经验可分享给大家。
MySQL复制主要是把写操作发送给主节点、读操作发送给从节点,每个节点都有相关的数据集;从服务专门启动一个线程,把自己扮演成为客户端,通过MySQL协议向MySQL主节点请求读取二进制日志文件中的事件,随后主节点将会检查自己二进制日志中的事件并发送给从节点,从节点收到后先保存在自己的中继日志中,每读取到一个事件都会在中继中保存下来
复制中用到的线程名称:
从节点:
I/O Thread:从主节点请求二进制事件,并保存于中继日志中
SQL Thread:从中继日志中读取二进制日志事件,在本地完成重放
主节点:
dump Thread:为每个从节点的I/O Thread启动一个dump Thread,用于向其发送二进制日志事件
复制的功用:
1、实现数据分布的目的
2、主要能够完成写操作的负载均衡效果
3、能够实现备份的效果(当主云服务器挂了,备节点可以当主节点)
4、可以实现高可用和故障切换
5、可以在从节点上为Mysql做升级测试
MySQL复制的方式:主从复制、主主复制、半同步复制、过滤复制、SSL复制
一、实现主从复制:
准备环境
虚拟机1:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.108 |
虚拟机2:Slave节点(从节点) | IP:192.168.1.109 |
1、部署Master节点
(1)、安装mariadb服务
[root@node0 ~]# yum install mariadb-server -y
(2)编辑其配置文件
[root@node0 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ##mariadb配置文件路径 [mysqld] log_bin=mysql-bin ##开启二进制日志功能 server-id=1 ##定义唯一Server-id innodb_file_per_table = ON skip_name_resolve = ON ##禁止反解主机名 [root@node0 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service ##启动mariadb服务 MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "server_id"; ##查看其server-id server_id 1 MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "log_bin"; ##查看其二进制日志是否开启 log_bin ON MariaDB [(none)]> show master status; ##查看正在使用的二进制日志文件 mysql-bin.000002 245 | MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.%.%' identified by 'replpass'; ##创建具有复制权限的用户 MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
2、部署Slave节点
(1)安装mariadb服务
[root@node1 ~]# yum install mariadb-server -y
(2)编辑其配置文件
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] relay-log=relay-log ##启用中继日志 server-id=2 ##定义唯一Server-id;此Server-id一定不能和Master的上的Server-id相同 innodb_file_per_table = ON skip_name_resolve = ON [root@node1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "relay_log"; ##查看中继日志是否启用 relay_log relay-log MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "server_id"; ##查看其server-i server_id 2
(3)使用具有复制权限的用户账号连接至主服务器上,并启动复制线程
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.1.108',master_user='repluser',master_password='replpass',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=245; ## master_host:指明主节点的IP地址 ## master_user、master_password:指明具有复制权限的用户账号 ## master_log_file:指明主节点正在使用的二进制日志; ## master_log_pos:指明二进制日志的position MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; ##启动复制线程 MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G; ##查看复制线程的状态信息 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
3、测试主从服务器是否实现复制功能
(1)在Master节点上查看一次数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | lweim | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+
(2)在Slave上查看一次数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | testdb +--------------------+
(3)在Master节点上创建一个名为“MaGeRepo”的数据库,并在Slave节点上查看
MariaDB [(none)]> create database MaGeRepo; ##在主节点上创建数据库“MaGeRepo” Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##在从节点上查看数据库 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | MaGeRepo | mysql | performance_schema | testdb +--------------------
在主从复制架构中应该注意的问题:
1、在Master节点上的参数
sync_binlog=ON sync_master_info=ON 如果用的是InnoDB存储引擎,以下两项也要开启 innodb_flush_log_at_tx_commit = ON ##刷写日志 innodb_support_xa = ON ##是否让innodb支持分布式事务
2、在Slave节点上的参数
skip_slave_start = OFF ##是否自动启动事务线程 sync_relay_log = ON sync_relay_log_info = ON
二、实现主主复制
准备环境
虚拟机1:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.108 |
虚拟机2:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.109 |
1、部署虚拟机1
(1)安装mariadb服务
[root@node0 ~]# yum install mariadb-server -y
(2)编辑其配置文件
[root@node0 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf log_bin=mysql-bin relay-log=relay-log ##启用中继日志 server-id=1 innodb_file_per_table = ON [root@node0 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "%log%"; relay_log relay-log log_bin ON MariaDB [(none)]> show master status; mysql-bin.000003 245 MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.%.%' identified by 'replpass';
2、部署虚拟机2
(1)安装mariadb服务
[root@node1 ~]# yum install mariadb-server -y
(2)编辑配置文件
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] relay-log=relay-log log_bin=mysql-bin ##启用二进制日志 server-id=2 innodb_file_per_table = ON skip_name_resolve = ON [root@node1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service MariaDB [(none)]> show master status; mysql-bin.000003 245 MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.%.%' identified by 'replpass'; ##创建具有复制权限的用户账号
3、两个节点分别使用双方创建的用户连到对方的服务器上,并启动复制线程
(1)让虚拟机1连接至虚拟机2
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.1.109',master_user='repluser',master_password='replpass',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=245; MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
(2)让虚拟机2连接至虚拟机1
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.1.108',master_user='repluser',master_password='replpass',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=245; MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
4、测试主主复制模型
(1)在分别查看虚拟机1和虚拟机2的数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看虚拟机1的数据库 +-------------------- | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+ MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看虚拟机2的数据库 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | testdb +--------------------+
(2)在虚拟机1上添加“LweimRepo"数据库,在虚拟机2上添加“WzxRepo”数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> create database LweimRepo; ##虚拟机1 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; MariaDB [(none)]> create database WzxRepo; ##虚拟机2 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
(3)再次查看两个节点的数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看虚拟机1 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | LweimRepo | WzxRepo | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+ MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看虚拟机2 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | LweimRepo | WzxRepo | mysql | performance_schema | testdb +--------------------+
三、实现半同步复制:当master节点有多个slave节点时,只需要有一个slave节点复制完成之后并响应给master节点,随后master节点响应客户端
准备环境
虚拟机1:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.108 |
虚拟机2:Slave节点(从节点) | IP:192.168.1.109 |
1、给master节点安装插件“semisync_master.so”
MariaDB [(none)]> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_master soname 'semisync_master.so'; MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "%semi%"; +------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name Value +------------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled OFF ##是否启用半同步复制的主节点,需把它设置为ON | rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout 10000 ##等待slave的响应时长,单位为毫秒,默认为10s | rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level 32 ##跟踪节点32,默认值就好,不建议更改 | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave ON ##当没有slave节点时是否等待 +------------------------------------+-------+ MariaDB [(none)]> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1; ##“rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled”更改为“ON”
2、在Slave节点上安装“semisync_slave.so”
MariaDB [(none)]> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave soname 'semisync_slave.so'; MariaDB [(none)]> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1; ##启用半同步复制的slave节点 MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "%semi%"; +---------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name Value +---------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled ON ##是否启用半同步复制的slav节点 | rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level 32 +---------------------------------+-------+
3、实现主从复制
4、在Master节点上查看是否增加slave节点
MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like "%semi%"; +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name Value +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients 1 ##已经连接Slave节点的个数 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times 1 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx 2 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status ON | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx 0 +--------------------------------------------+--- ----
5、在Master节点上创建数据库“GunDuZi,并在Slave节点上查看
MariaDB [(none)]> create database GunDuZi; MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like "%semi%"; +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name Value +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients 1 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time 8147 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time 8147 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits 1 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times 1 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx 2 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status ON | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time 9388 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time 9388 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits 1 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions 0 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx 1 +--------------------------------------------+------- MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | GunDuZi | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+ ##注意:一定要先安装插件,在实现主从复制
四、实现过滤复制:让从节点指定复制数据库或复制数据库中指定的表
准备环境
虚拟机1:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.108 |
虚拟机2:Slave节点(从节点) | IP:192.168.1.109 |
1、实现主从复制
2、指定Slave节点需要复制的数据库为“wtcdb”
MariaDB [wxpp]> set global replicate_do_db=wtcdb; MariaDB [wxpp]> show global variables like "replicate%"; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name Value +----------------------------------+-----------+ | replicate_annotate_row_events OFF | replicate_do_db wtcdb ##仅复制那些数据库 | replicate_do_table ##仅复制那些数据库中的表 | replicate_events_marked_for_skip replicate | replicate_ignore_db ##忽略的数据库(不复制的数据库) | replicate_ignore_table ##忽略的表(不复制的表) | replicate_wild_do_table ##可以使用通配符来指定需要复制的数据库 | replicate_wild_ignore_table +----------------------------------+-----------+
3、查看Slave节点上的数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | test | wxpp +--------------------+
4、在Master节点上创建“lweimdb”、“wzxdb”、“wtcdb”三个数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> create database lweimdb; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database wzxdb; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database wtcdb; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | lweimdb | mysql | performance_schema | test | wtcdb | wxpp | wzxdb +--------------------+
5、再一次查看Slave节点上的数据库,是否只复制了“wtcdb”数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | test | wtcdb | wxpp +--------------------+
五、实现SSL复制
准备环境
虚拟机1:Master节点(主节点) | IP:192.168.1.108 |
虚拟机2:Slave节点(从节点) | IP:192.168.1.109 |
虚拟机3:CA机构(签署主从节点证书) | IP:192.168.1.110 |
1、部署虚拟机3
(1)创建CA证书秘钥
[root@localhost CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out ./private/cakey.pem 1024)
(2)让CA自签证书
[root@localhost CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key ./private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365 [root@localhost CA]# touch serial index.txt ##创建所需要的文件 [root@localhost CA]# echo 01 > serial ##生成证书序列号
2、Master节点创建证书,并让CA机构签署
[root@node0 ssl]# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out master.key 1024) ##Master节点生成秘钥 [root@node0 ssl]# openssl req -new -key master.key -out master.csr -days 365 ##生成需要签署的证书 [root@localhost CA]# openssl ca -in /tmp/master.csr -out master.crt -days 365 ##让CA签署证书 [root@node0 ssl]# chmod 600 * ##更改权限为600 [root@node0 ssl]# chown mysql.mysql -R ssl/* ##更改文件属主属组为mysql [root@node0 ssl]# ll total 12 -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1046 Jun 9 20:49 cacert.pem -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 3202 Jun 9 20:43 master.crt -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 887 Jun 9 20:35 master.key
3、配置Master节点的配置文件,并创建具有复制权限的用户
[root@node0 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ssl ##开启sll功能 ssl_ca=/var/lib/mysql/ssl/cacert.pem ##指明CA机构证书路径 ssl_cert=/var/lib/mysql/ssl/master.crt ##指明Master节点的证书路径 ssl_key=/var/lib/mysql/ssl/master.key ##指明Master节点的秘钥路径 [root@node0 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like "%ssl%"; ##查看是否启用ssl +---------------+-------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value +---------------+-------------------------------+ | have_openssl | YES | have_ssl | YES | ssl_ca | /var/lib/mysql/ssl/cacert.pem | ssl_capath | ssl_cert | /var/lib/mysql/ssl/master.crt | ssl_cipher | ssl_key | /var/lib/mysql/ssl/master.key +---------------+-------------------------------+ MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.%.%' identified by 'replpass' require ssl;
4、将Master节点上的证书发送给Slave,修改其配置文件,连接至Master节点并启动复制线程
[root@node0 ~]# scp ssl/* root@192.168.1.109:/var/lib/mysql/ ##要确保发送的文件属组属主为“mysql” root@192.168.1.109's password: cacert.pem 100% 1046 1.0KB/s 00:00 master.crt 100% 3206 3.1KB/s 00:00 master.key 100% 887 0.9KB/s 00:00 [root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ssl ssl_ca=/var/lib/mysql/cacert.pem ssl_cert=/var/lib/mysql/master.crt ssl_key=/var/lib/mysql/master.key [root@node1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like '%ssl%'; ##从节点上的SSL的功能已经开启 +---------------+---------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value +---------------+---------------------------+ | have_openssl | YES | have_ssl | YES | ssl_ca | /var/lib/mysql/cacert.pem | ssl_capath | | ssl_cert | /var/lib/mysql/master.crt | ssl_cipher | | ssl_key | /var/lib/mysql/master.key +---------------+---------------------------+ MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.1.108',master_user='repluser',master_password='replpass',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=245,master_ssl=1,master_ssl_ca='/var/lib/mysql/cacert.pem',master_ssl_cert='/var/lib/mysql/master.crt',master_ssl_key='/var/lib/mysql/master.key'; ## master_ssl:启用ssl功能 ## master_ssl_ca:指明CA证书路径 ## master_ssl_cert:指明Master节点证书路径 ## master_ssl_key:指明Master节点秘钥路径 MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; ##启动复制线程 MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G; ##查看复制线程相关信息 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Master_SSL_Allowed: Yes ##要确保这三项都为“YES” Master_SSL_CA_File: /var/lib/mysql/cacert.pem Master_SSL_Cert: /var/lib/mysql/master.crt Master_SSL_Key: /var/lib/mysql/master.key
5、分别查看Master节点和Slave节点上的数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看Master节点 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | ssl | test +--------------------+ MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##查看Slave节点 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+
6、在Master节点上创建"LweimRepo”、“HjRepo”、“WzxRepo”,随后再到Slave节点上查看
MariaDB [(none)]> create database LweimRepo; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database HjRepo; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database WzxRepo; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; ##在Slave节点上查看 +--------------------+ | Database +--------------------+ | information_schema | HjRepo | LweimRepo | WzxRepo | mysql | performance_schema | test +--------------------+
问题小结:
1、当Slave节点连接至Master节点时,一定要指明Master节点当前使用的二进制日志以及pos
2、在使用SSL复制时,要确保秘钥、证书文件的权限以及属主属组
3、当生成证书时,三台虚拟机的国家、省份、公司名称必须要一样
看了以上介绍多种MySQL复制方法详解,希望能给大家在实际运用中带来一定的帮助。本文由于篇幅有限,难免会有不足和需要补充的地方,大家可以继续关注亿速云行业资讯板块,会定期给大家更新行业新闻和知识,如有需要更加专业的解答,可在官网联系我们的24小时售前售后,随时帮您解答问题的。
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