您好,登录后才能下订单哦!
# Java多线程的阻塞队列实现
## 一、阻塞队列概述
### 1.1 什么是阻塞队列
阻塞队列(BlockingQueue)是Java并发包(java.util.concurrent)中提供的一种线程安全的队列实现。它在普通队列的基础上增加了两个附加操作:
1. 当队列为空时,获取元素的线程会等待队列变为非空
2. 当队列满时,存储元素的线程会等待队列可用
这种特性使得阻塞队列成为生产者-消费者模式的理想实现方式,无需开发者手动实现线程间的等待/通知机制。
### 1.2 阻塞队列的核心特性
- **线程安全**:所有操作都是原子性的
- **阻塞机制**:提供put/take等阻塞方法
- **容量限制**:可以是有界队列或无界队列
- **公平性选项**:部分实现支持公平访问策略
### 1.3 Java中的阻塞队列实现类
Java并发包提供了多种阻塞队列实现:
1. ArrayBlockingQueue:基于数组的有界阻塞队列
2. LinkedBlockingQueue:基于链表的可选有界阻塞队列
3. PriorityBlockingQueue:支持优先级排序的无界阻塞队列
4. DelayQueue:使用优先级队列实现的无界阻塞队列
5. SynchronousQueue:不存储元素的阻塞队列
6. LinkedTransferQueue:基于链表的无界阻塞队列
7. LinkedBlockingDeque:基于链表的双向阻塞队列
## 二、阻塞队列的核心方法
### 2.1 插入操作
| 方法 | 说明 | 特殊行为 |
|------|------|----------|
| add(E e) | 添加元素到队列 | 队列满时抛出IllegalStateException |
| offer(E e) | 添加元素到队列 | 队列满时返回false |
| put(E e) | 添加元素到队列 | 队列满时阻塞等待 |
| offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) | 添加元素到队列 | 队列满时等待指定时间 |
### 2.2 移除操作
| 方法 | 说明 | 特殊行为 |
|------|------|----------|
| remove() | 移除并返回队列头元素 | 队列空时抛出NoSuchElementException |
| poll() | 移除并返回队列头元素 | 队列空时返回null |
| take() | 移除并返回队列头元素 | 队列空时阻塞等待 |
| poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) | 移除并返回队列头元素 | 队列空时等待指定时间 |
### 2.3 检查操作
| 方法 | 说明 | 特殊行为 |
|------|------|----------|
| element() | 返回队列头元素 | 队列空时抛出NoSuchElementException |
| peek() | 返回队列头元素 | 队列空时返回null |
## 三、阻塞队列的实现原理
### 3.1 锁与条件变量
阻塞队列的核心实现依赖于ReentrantLock和Condition:
```java
// 以ArrayBlockingQueue为例
final ReentrantLock lock;
private final Condition notEmpty;
private final Condition notFull;
public ArrayBlockingQueue(int capacity, boolean fair) {
    // 省略其他初始化代码
    lock = new ReentrantLock(fair);
    notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
    notFull = lock.newCondition();
}
以put()方法为例:
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    Objects.requireNonNull(e);
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count == items.length)
            notFull.await();  // 队列满时等待
        enqueue(e);  // 实际入队操作
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
以enqueue()方法为例:
private void enqueue(E e) {
    final Object[] items = this.items;
    items[putIndex] = e;
    if (++putIndex == items.length) putIndex = 0;
    count++;
    notEmpty.signal();  // 唤醒等待的消费者线程
}
public class ArrayBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
        implements BlockingQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
    
    final Object[] items;  // 存储元素的数组
    int takeIndex;        // 下一个要取出的元素索引
    int putIndex;         // 下一个要放入的元素索引
    int count;            // 当前元素数量
    
    // 锁和条件变量
    final ReentrantLock lock;
    private final Condition notEmpty;
    private final Condition notFull;
    
    // 迭代器
    transient Itrs itrs;
}
入队操作:
public boolean offer(E e) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(e);
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        if (count == items.length)
            return false;
        else {
            enqueue(e);
            return true;
        }
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
出队操作:
public E poll() {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        return (count == 0) ? null : dequeue();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
        implements BlockingQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
    
    // 节点类
    static class Node<E> {
        E item;
        Node<E> next;
        Node(E x) { item = x; }
    }
    
    private final int capacity;  // 容量限制
    private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();  // 当前元素数量
    
    // 头节点和尾节点
    transient Node<E> head;
    private transient Node<E> last;
    
    // 分离的锁
    private final ReentrantLock takeLock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final Condition notEmpty = takeLock.newCondition();
    
    private final ReentrantLock putLock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final Condition notFull = putLock.newCondition();
}
入队操作:
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    int c = -1;
    Node<E> node = new Node<E>(e);
    final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    putLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count.get() == capacity) {
            notFull.await();
        }
        enqueue(node);
        c = count.getAndIncrement();
        if (c + 1 < capacity)
            notFull.signal();
    } finally {
        putLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == 0)
        signalNotEmpty();
}
出队操作:
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    E x;
    int c = -1;
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
    takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count.get() == 0) {
            notEmpty.await();
        }
        x = dequeue();
        c = count.getAndDecrement();
        if (c > 1)
            notEmpty.signal();
    } finally {
        takeLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == capacity)
        signalNotFull();
    return x;
}
基于堆结构的优先级阻塞队列:
public class PriorityBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
    implements BlockingQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
    
    private transient Object[] queue;
    private transient int size;
    private transient Comparator<? super E> comparator;
    private final ReentrantLock lock;
    private final Condition notEmpty;
    
    // 扩容时使用的自旋锁
    private transient volatile int allocationSpinLock;
}
特点: - 无界队列(自动扩容) - 元素必须实现Comparable或提供Comparator - 出队顺序由优先级决定
用于实现延迟任务的队列:
public class DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> extends AbstractQueue<E>
    implements BlockingQueue<E> {
    
    private final transient ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final PriorityQueue<E> q = new PriorityQueue<E>();
    private final Condition available = lock.newCondition();
    private Thread leader;
}
特点: - 元素必须实现Delayed接口 - 只有到期元素才能被取出 - 应用场景:缓存过期、定时任务调度
不存储元素的阻塞队列:
public class SynchronousQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
    implements BlockingQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
    
    abstract static class Transferer<E> {
        abstract E transfer(E e, boolean timed, long nanos);
    }
    
    // 两种不同的传输策略
    static final class TransferStack<E> extends Transferer<E> { /*...*/ }
    static final class TransferQueue<E> extends Transferer<E> { /*...*/ }
}
特点: - 每个插入操作必须等待一个移除操作 - 吞吐量高于LinkedBlockingQueue和ArrayBlockingQueue - 适合传递性场景
经典实现方式:
// 生产者
class Producer implements Runnable {
    private final BlockingQueue<String> queue;
    
    public Producer(BlockingQueue<String> queue) {
        this.queue = queue;
    }
    
    public void run() {
        try {
            while (true) {
                String item = produceItem();
                queue.put(item);
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
            // 处理中断
        }
    }
    
    private String produceItem() {
        // 生产逻辑
    }
}
// 消费者
class Consumer implements Runnable {
    private final BlockingQueue<String> queue;
    
    public Consumer(BlockingQueue<String> queue) {
        this.queue = queue;
    }
    
    public void run() {
        try {
            while (true) {
                String item = queue.take();
                consumeItem(item);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
            // 处理中断
        }
    }
    
    private void consumeItem(String item) {
        // 消费逻辑
    }
}
Java线程池使用阻塞队列作为工作队列:
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                         int maximumPoolSize,
                         long keepAliveTime,
                         TimeUnit unit,
                         BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
    // 实现代码
}
实现简单的消息队列:
public class SimpleMessageQueue {
    private final BlockingQueue<Message> queue;
    
    public SimpleMessageQueue(int capacity) {
        this.queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(capacity);
    }
    
    public void send(Message msg) throws InterruptedException {
        queue.put(msg);
    }
    
    public Message receive() throws InterruptedException {
        return queue.take();
    }
}
场景: 生产者等待队列空间,消费者等待生产者释放锁
解决方案: - 使用双锁设计的LinkedBlockingQueue - 设置合理的超时时间 - 避免在持有锁时调用外部方法
场景: 无界队列持续增长导致OOM
解决方案: - 使用有界队列 - 实现自定义的拒绝策略 - 监控队列大小
场景: 单一锁成为系统瓶颈
解决方案: - 使用分离锁的实现(如LinkedBlockingQueue) - 考虑无锁队列(如ConcurrentLinkedQueue) - 分区处理(多个队列)
public class SimpleBlockingQueue<E> {
    private final E[] items;
    private int putIndex, takeIndex, count;
    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();
    private final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
    
    public SimpleBlockingQueue(int capacity) {
        this.items = (E[]) new Object[capacity];
    }
    
    public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
        Objects.requireNonNull(e);
        lock.lockInterruptibly();
        try {
            while (count == items.length)
                notFull.await();
            items[putIndex] = e;
            if (++putIndex == items.length) putIndex = 0;
            count++;
            notEmpty.signal();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
    
    public E take() throws InterruptedException {
        lock.lockInterruptibly();
        try {
            while (count == 0)
                notEmpty.await();
            E e = items[takeIndex];
            items[takeIndex] = null;
            if (++takeIndex == items.length) takeIndex = 0;
            count--;
            notFull.signal();
            return e;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}
public class CASBlockingQueue<E> {
    private static class Node<E> {
        volatile E item;
        volatile Node<E> next;
        
        Node(E item) {
            this.item = item;
        }
    }
    
    private volatile Node<E> head;
    private volatile Node<E> tail;
    private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
    private final int capacity;
    
    public CASBlockingQueue(int capacity) {
        if (capacity <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        this.capacity = capacity;
        head = tail = new Node<>(null);
    }
    
    public boolean offer(E e) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(e);
        Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(e);
        for (;;) {
            Node<E> currentTail = tail;
            Node<E> tailNext = currentTail.next;
            if (currentTail == tail) {
                if (tailNext != null) {
                    // 帮助推进尾节点
                    compareAndSetTail(tail, tailNext);
                } else {
                    if (count.get() < capacity) {
                        if (compareAndSetNext(currentTail, null, newNode)) {
                            compareAndSetTail(tail, newNode);
                            count.incrementAndGet();
                            return true;
                        }
                    } else {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 省略其他方法和CAS操作实现
}
| 场景 | 推荐队列 | 理由 | 
|---|---|---|
| 固定大小线程池 | ArrayBlockingQueue | 简单高效 | 
| 高并发生产者消费者 | LinkedBlockingQueue | 吞吐量高 | 
| 任务优先级处理 | PriorityBlockingQueue | 支持优先级 | 
| 延迟任务调度 | DelayQueue | 内置延迟支持 | 
| 直接传递任务 | SynchronousQueue | 零容量设计 | 
本文共约9350字,详细介绍了Java多线程中阻塞队列的实现原理、各种实现类的特点、应用场景以及性能优化建议。 “`
免责声明:本站发布的内容(图片、视频和文字)以原创、转载和分享为主,文章观点不代表本网站立场,如果涉及侵权请联系站长邮箱:is@yisu.com进行举报,并提供相关证据,一经查实,将立刻删除涉嫌侵权内容。