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# ASP.NET Core中IdentityServer4如何实现Token令牌身份认证
## 1. 引言
在现代Web应用开发中,身份认证和授权是保障系统安全的核心机制。IdentityServer4作为.NET生态中领先的OpenID Connect和OAuth 2.0框架,为ASP.NET Core应用提供了强大的身份认证解决方案。本文将深入探讨如何在ASP.NET Core中使用IdentityServer4实现基于Token令牌的身份认证。
## 2. IdentityServer4概述
### 2.1 什么是IdentityServer4
IdentityServer4是一个开源的.NET标准兼容框架,实现了OpenID Connect和OAuth 2.0协议。它主要功能包括:
- 作为认证服务(Identity Provider)
- 作为授权服务器
- 提供令牌服务(Token Service)
### 2.2 核心概念
1. **Client**:请求令牌的应用程序
2. **Resource**:需要保护的API或数据
3. **User**:使用客户端的最终用户
4. **Token**:包含认证和授权信息的凭证
## 3. 环境准备
### 3.1 创建项目
首先创建ASP.NET Core Web API项目:
```bash
dotnet new webapi -n IdentityDemo
dotnet add package IdentityServer4
dotnet add package IdentityServer4.AspNetIdentity
在Startup.cs
中配置服务:
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
var builder = services.AddIdentityServer()
.AddDeveloperSigningCredential() // 开发环境签名凭证
.AddInMemoryApiResources(Config.GetApiResources()) // API资源
.AddInMemoryClients(Config.GetClients()) // 客户端
.AddInMemoryIdentityResources(Config.GetIdentityResources()); // 身份资源
}
创建Config.cs
定义资源和客户端:
public static class Config
{
public static IEnumerable<IdentityResource> GetIdentityResources()
{
return new List<IdentityResource>
{
new IdentityResources.OpenId(),
new IdentityResources.Profile()
};
}
public static IEnumerable<ApiResource> GetApiResources()
{
return new List<ApiResource>
{
new ApiResource("api1", "My API")
};
}
public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
{
return new List<Client>
{
new Client
{
ClientId = "client",
AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.ClientCredentials,
ClientSecrets =
{
new Secret("secret".Sha256())
},
AllowedScopes = { "api1" }
}
};
}
}
在Startup.cs
的Configure
方法中添加:
app.UseIdentityServer();
在需要保护的控制器或方法上添加[Authorize]
特性:
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[Authorize]
public class ValuesController : Controller
{
// ...
}
对于API项目,添加JWT Bearer认证:
services.AddAuthentication("Bearer")
.AddJwtBearer("Bearer", options =>
{
options.Authority = "https://localhost:5001";
options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
options.Audience = "api1";
});
curl -X POST "https://localhost:5001/connect/token" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "client_id=client&client_secret=secret&grant_type=client_credentials&scope=api1"
首先配置允许Password流程的客户端:
new Client
{
ClientId = "ro.client",
AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.ResourceOwnerPassword,
ClientSecrets =
{
new Secret("secret".Sha256())
},
AllowedScopes = { "api1" }
}
然后请求Token:
curl -X POST "https://localhost:5001/connect/token" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "client_id=ro.client&client_secret=secret&grant_type=password&username=alice&password=password&scope=api1"
new Client
{
ClientId = "mvc",
ClientSecrets = { new Secret("secret".Sha256()) },
AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.CodeAndClientCredentials,
RedirectUris = { "https://localhost:5002/signin-oidc" },
PostLogoutRedirectUris = { "https://localhost:5002/signout-callback-oidc" },
AllowedScopes = new List<string>
{
IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.OpenId,
IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Profile,
"api1"
},
AllowOfflineAccess = true
}
使用refresh_token获取新的access_token:
curl -X POST "https://localhost:5001/connect/token" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "client_id=mvc&client_secret=secret&grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token={refresh_token}"
services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
options.UseSqlite(Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection")));
services.AddIdentity<ApplicationUser, IdentityRole>()
.AddEntityFrameworkStores<ApplicationDbContext>()
.AddDefaultTokenProviders();
services.AddIdentityServer()
.AddDeveloperSigningCredential()
.AddInMemoryApiResources(Config.GetApiResources())
.AddInMemoryClients(Config.GetClients())
.AddAspNetIdentity<ApplicationUser>();
实现IProfileService
接口自定义用户声明:
public class ProfileService : IProfileService
{
private readonly UserManager<ApplicationUser> _userManager;
public ProfileService(UserManager<ApplicationUser> userManager)
{
_userManager = userManager;
}
public async Task GetProfileDataAsync(ProfileDataRequestContext context)
{
var user = await _userManager.GetUserAsync(context.Subject);
var claims = new List<Claim>
{
new Claim("name", user.UserName),
new Claim("email", user.Email)
};
context.IssuedClaims.AddRange(claims);
}
public async Task IsActiveAsync(IsActiveContext context)
{
var user = await _userManager.GetUserAsync(context.Subject);
context.IsActive = user != null;
}
}
services.Configure<IdentityServerOptions>(options =>
{
options.IssuerUri = "https://your-identityserver.com";
options.AccessTokenLifetime = 3600; // 1小时
options.RefreshTokenExpiration = TokenExpiration.Sliding;
options.RefreshTokenUsage = TokenUsage.ReUse;
});
使用Entity Framework Core持久化配置:
services.AddIdentityServer()
.AddDeveloperSigningCredential()
.AddConfigurationStore(options =>
{
options.ConfigureDbContext = builder =>
builder.UseSqlServer(connectionString);
})
.AddOperationalStore(options =>
{
options.ConfigureDbContext = builder =>
builder.UseSqlServer(connectionString);
});
配置CORS策略:
services.AddCors(options =>
{
options.AddPolicy("default", policy =>
{
policy.WithOrigins("https://client-app.com")
.AllowAnyHeader()
.AllowAnyMethod();
});
});
检查: 1. Issuer和Audience是否正确 2. 签名密钥是否匹配 3. Token是否过期
IdentityServer4为ASP.NET Core应用提供了完整的OpenID Connect和OAuth 2.0实现。通过本文的介绍,您应该已经掌握了:
在实际项目中,应根据具体需求选择合适的认证流程,并遵循安全最佳实践来保护您的应用和用户数据。
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这篇文章约3400字,涵盖了IdentityServer4在ASP.NET Core中的基本配置、Token认证实现、进阶功能和安全实践等内容,采用Markdown格式编写,包含代码示例和结构化章节。
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