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# .NET Core + Consul 服务注册及发现的示例分析
## 引言
在微服务架构中，服务注册与发现是核心基础设施之一。Consul作为HashiCorp开源的分布式服务网格解决方案，提供了服务注册、健康检查、KV存储等功能。本文将详细分析如何在.NET Core应用中集成Consul实现服务注册与发现，包含完整代码示例和原理剖析。
---
## 目录
1. [Consul核心概念](#1-consul核心概念)
2. [环境准备](#2-环境准备)
3. [服务注册实现](#3-服务注册实现)
4. [服务发现实现](#4-服务发现实现)
5. [健康检查机制](#5-健康检查机制)
6. [负载均衡策略](#6-负载均衡策略)
7. [生产环境注意事项](#7-生产环境注意事项)
8. [完整代码示例](#8-完整代码示例)
9. [总结](#9-总结)
---
## 1. Consul核心概念
### 1.1 服务注册
服务实例启动时向Consul注册自己的元数据：
- 服务名称
- 实例ID
- IP和端口
- 健康检查端点
- 标签（Tags）
```json
{
"ID": "web1",
"Name": "web-api",
"Port": 5000,
"Check": {
"HTTP": "http://localhost:5000/health",
"Interval": "10s"
}
}
客户端通过DNS或HTTP API查询可用服务：
# DNS查询
dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 web-api.service.consul
# HTTP API
GET http://localhost:8500/v1/catalog/service/web-api
Consul支持的检查类型： - HTTP检查（推荐） - TCP检查 - TTL检查 - Docker/脚本检查
# MacOS
brew install consul
# Linux
wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/consul/1.15.3/consul_1.15.3_linux_amd64.zip
unzip consul_*.zip && mv consul /usr/local/bin/
# 开发模式启动
consul agent -dev -ui -client=0.0.0.0
dotnet new webapi -n ServiceProvider
dotnet new webapi -n ServiceConsumer
dotnet add package Consul
// ConsulExtensions.cs
public static class ConsulExtensions
{
public static IServiceCollection AddConsul(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration configuration)
{
services.Configure<ConsulConfig>(configuration.GetSection("Consul"));
services.AddSingleton<IConsulClient, ConsulClient>(p =>
new ConsulClient(consulConfig =>
{
var address = configuration["Consul:Address"];
consulConfig.Address = new Uri(address);
}));
return services;
}
public static IApplicationBuilder UseConsul(this IApplicationBuilder app)
{
var consulClient = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IConsulClient>();
var lifetime = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IHostApplicationLifetime>();
var serviceConfig = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IOptions<ConsulConfig>>().Value;
var registration = new AgentServiceRegistration()
{
ID = $"{serviceConfig.ServiceName}-{serviceConfig.ServiceID}",
Name = serviceConfig.ServiceName,
Address = serviceConfig.ServiceAddress.Host,
Port = serviceConfig.ServiceAddress.Port,
Tags = new[] { $"urlprefix-/{serviceConfig.ServiceName}" },
Check = new AgentServiceCheck()
{
HTTP = $"{serviceConfig.ServiceAddress.Scheme}://{serviceConfig.ServiceAddress.Host}:{serviceConfig.ServiceAddress.Port}/health",
Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5),
DeregisterCriticalServiceAfter = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)
}
};
consulClient.Agent.ServiceRegister(registration).Wait();
lifetime.ApplicationStopping.Register(() =>
{
consulClient.Agent.ServiceDeregister(registration.ID).Wait();
});
return app;
}
}
{
"Consul": {
"Address": "http://localhost:8500",
"ServiceName": "order-service",
"ServiceID": "order-1",
"ServiceAddress": "http://localhost:5001"
}
}
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddConsul(builder.Configuration);
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseConsul();
public class ServiceDiscovery
{
private readonly IConsulClient _consulClient;
public ServiceDiscovery(IConsulClient consulClient)
{
_consulClient = consulClient;
}
public async Task<Uri> GetServiceUriAsync(string serviceName)
{
var services = await _consulClient.Catalog.Service(serviceName);
if (services.Response == null || !services.Response.Any())
throw new ConsulServiceNotFoundException(serviceName);
// 简单随机负载均衡
var service = services.Response.ElementAt(
new Random().Next(0, services.Response.Count()));
return new Uri($"{service.ServiceAddress}:{service.ServicePort}");
}
}
[ApiController]
[Route("[controller]")]
public class OrdersController : ControllerBase
{
private readonly ServiceDiscovery _discovery;
public OrdersController(ServiceDiscovery discovery)
=> _discovery = discovery;
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> Get()
{
var uri = await _discovery.GetServiceUriAsync("product-service");
using var client = new HttpClient();
var response = await client.GetAsync($"{uri}/products");
return Ok(await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync());
}
}
app.MapHealthChecks("/health", new HealthCheckOptions
{
ResponseWriter = async (context, report) =>
{
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new
{
status = report.Status.ToString(),
checks = report.Entries.Select(e => new
{
name = e.Key,
status = e.Value.Status.ToString(),
exception = e.Value.Exception?.Message,
duration = e.Value.Duration.ToString()
})
}));
}
});
builder.Services.AddHealthChecks()
.AddSqlServer(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default"));
public class RoundRobinServiceDiscovery
{
private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, int> _lastIndex = new();
public async Task<Uri> GetServiceUriAsync(string serviceName)
{
var services = await _consulClient.Catalog.Service(serviceName);
var instances = services.Response;
if (!instances.Any())
throw new ConsulServiceNotFoundException(serviceName);
var index = _lastIndex.AddOrUpdate(
serviceName,
_ => 0,
(_, last) => (last + 1) % instances.Length);
var instance = instances[index];
return new Uri($"{instance.ServiceAddress}:{instance.ServicePort}");
}
}
acl {
enabled = true
default_policy = "deny"
}
new ConsulClient(cfg => {
cfg.Address = new Uri("https://consul.example.com");
cfg.TlsConfig = new TlsConfig {
Certificate = new X509Certificate2("cert.pfx")
};
});
GitHub仓库地址包含： - 服务提供者（ServiceProvider） - 服务消费者（ServiceConsumer） - Docker-compose文件 - 自动化测试脚本
本文详细演示了在.NET Core中： 1. 通过Consul实现服务注册与发现 2. 配置健康检查确保服务可用性 3. 实现客户端负载均衡策略 4. 生产环境最佳实践
微服务架构中，Consul提供了轻量级且功能完善的服务发现方案，结合.NET Core的依赖注入和HttpClientFactory，可以构建出高可用的分布式系统。 “`
注：实际文章需要补充完整代码示例和更详细的配置说明，此处为保持简洁进行了适当缩减。建议在实际写作时： 1. 增加各步骤的截图说明 2. 补充异常处理场景 3. 添加性能测试数据 4. 对比其他服务发现方案（如Eureka、Nacos）
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