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# R语言怎么实现遗传算法
## 1. 遗传算法概述
遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)是一种模拟自然选择和遗传机制的优化算法,由John Holland于1975年提出。它通过模拟生物进化过程中的选择、交叉和变异等操作,在解空间中寻找最优解。
### 核心概念:
- **种群(Population)**:一组潜在解的集合
- **染色体(Chromosome)**:单个解的编码表示
- **适应度函数(Fitness Function)**:评估解质量的函数
- **选择(Selection)**:根据适应度选择优秀个体
- **交叉(Crossover)**:组合两个个体的部分基因
- **变异(Mutation)**:随机改变个体基因
## 2. R语言实现遗传算法的准备工作
### 2.1 所需R包
```r
install.packages(c("GA", "genalg", "mcga"))
library(GA) # 最常用的遗传算法包
library(genalg) # 另一个实现方案
library(mcga) # 用于实值优化
ga()
:GA包的核心函数rbga()
:genalg包的主要函数mcga()
:针对实值优化的实现result <- ga(type = "real-valued",
fitness = function(x) -f(x), # 适应度函数
lower = c(-10, -10), # 下限
upper = c(10, 10), # 上限
popSize = 50, # 种群大小
maxiter = 100, # 最大迭代次数
pcrossover = 0.8, # 交叉概率
pmutation = 0.1) # 变异概率
rastrigin <- function(x) {
sum(x^2 - 10*cos(2*pi*x)) + 10*length(x)
}
GA <- ga(type = "real-valued",
fitness = function(x) -rastrigin(x),
lower = rep(-5.12, 2),
upper = rep(5.12, 2),
popSize = 100,
maxiter = 1000,
run = 100,
monitor = FALSE)
plot(GA)
summary(GA)
result <- rbga(stringMin = c(),
stringMax = c(),
popSize = 200,
iters = 100,
mutationChance = 0.01,
evalFunc)
给定一组物品的重量和价值,在不超过背包容量的情况下最大化价值
items <- data.frame(
item = paste0("item", 1:10),
weight = c(5, 10, 3, 8, 6, 7, 4, 9, 2, 1),
value = c(25, 30, 15, 40, 20, 35, 10, 45, 5, 1)
)
max_weight <- 25
evalFunc <- function(x) {
current_weight <- sum(x * items$weight)
if (current_weight > max_weight)
return(0) # 惩罚超重解
else
return(sum(x * items$value))
}
GAmodel <- rbga.bin(size = 10,
popSize = 100,
iters = 50,
mutationChance = 0.01,
evalFunc = evalFunc)
best_solution <- GAmodel$population[which.max(GAmodel$evaluations),]
cat("最佳组合:", items$item[as.logical(best_solution)], "\n")
cat("总价值:", max(GAmodel$evaluations), "\n")
GA <- ga(type = "real-valued",
fitness = fitnessFunc,
lower = lower, upper = upper,
selection = ga_lrSelection, # 线性排序选择
crossover = gabin_spCrossover, # 单点交叉
mutation = gabin_raMutation, # 随机变异
popSize = 100,
maxiter = 500)
library(doParallel)
cl <- makeCluster(4)
registerDoParallel(cl)
GA <- ga(type = "real-valued",
fitness = fitnessFunc,
lower = lower, upper = upper,
parallel = TRUE) # 启用并行
stopCluster(cl)
# 自适应变异概率示例
adaptiveMutation <- function(object, ...) {
pm <- 1/(1 + exp(-0.01*(object@iter - 50)))
return(pm)
}
GA <- ga(..., mutation = adaptiveMutation)
# 定义适应度函数(结合模型精度和特征数量)
fitnessFunc <- function(x) {
features <- which(x == 1)
if (length(features) < 1) return(0)
model <- randomForest(x = data[,features], y = target)
accuracy <- mean(predict(model) == target)
# 平衡准确率和特征数量
return(accuracy - 0.01*length(features))
}
# SVM参数优化
fitnessFunc <- function(x) {
model <- svm(Species ~ ., data = iris,
cost = x[1], gamma = x[2])
pred <- predict(model, iris)
return(mean(pred == iris$Species))
}
GA <- ga(type = "real-valued",
fitness = fitnessFunc,
lower = c(0.1, 0.01),
upper = c(10, 1),
popSize = 50,
maxiter = 100)
help(package="GA")
# 最终示例:多目标优化
library(mco)
result <- nsga2(fn = function(x) c(f1(x), f2(x)),
idim = 2,
odim = 2,
lower.bounds = c(0,0),
upper.bounds = c(1,1),
popsize = 100,
generations = 50)
通过本文介绍,读者应该能够在R中实现基本的遗传算法,并应用于各种优化问题。实践中需要根据具体问题调整算法参数和操作设计,才能获得最佳效果。 “`
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