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在现代软件开发中,管理系统的开发是一个常见的需求。无论是企业内部的管理系统,还是面向公众的服务平台,都需要一个高效、稳定、易维护的技术架构来实现。SSM(Spring + Spring MVC + MyBatis)框架是目前Java Web开发中非常流行的技术组合,它结合了Spring的依赖注入和面向切面编程、Spring MVC的模型-视图-控制器架构以及MyBatis的持久层框架,能够有效地提高开发效率和系统性能。
本文将详细介绍如何使用SSM框架来实现一个管理系统。我们将从项目环境搭建开始,逐步深入到数据库设计、业务逻辑实现、前端页面设计、系统测试以及项目部署等各个环节。通过本文的学习,读者将能够掌握SSM框架的基本使用,并能够独立完成一个管理系统的开发。
Spring是一个轻量级的Java开发框架,它提供了全面的基础设施支持,使得开发者能够专注于业务逻辑的实现。Spring的核心特性包括依赖注入(DI)和面向切面编程(AOP)。依赖注入使得对象之间的依赖关系由Spring容器来管理,从而降低了代码的耦合度;面向切面编程则允许开发者将横切关注点(如日志、事务管理等)从业务逻辑中分离出来,提高了代码的可维护性。
Spring MVC是Spring框架中的一个模块,它基于模型-视图-控制器(MVC)设计模式,用于构建Web应用程序。Spring MVC通过DispatcherServlet来处理所有的HTTP请求,并将请求分发给相应的控制器进行处理。控制器处理完请求后,将模型数据传递给视图进行渲染,最终生成HTML页面返回给客户端。
MyBatis是一个优秀的持久层框架,它支持定制化SQL、存储过程以及高级映射。MyBatis避免了几乎所有的JDBC代码和手动设置参数以及获取结果集的工作。MyBatis可以使用简单的XML或注解来配置和映射原生信息,将接口和Java的POJOs(Plain Old Java Objects)映射成数据库中的记录。
在开始项目之前,我们需要准备一些开发工具:
一个典型的SSM项目结构如下:
src
├── main
│ ├── java
│ │ ├── com.example.controller
│ │ ├── com.example.dao
│ │ ├── com.example.entity
│ │ ├── com.example.service
│ │ └── com.example.config
│ ├── resources
│ │ ├── mybatis
│ │ ├── spring
│ │ └── application.properties
│ └── webapp
│ ├── WEB-INF
│ │ └── views
│ └── static
└── test
├── java
└── resources
在pom.xml
文件中,我们需要添加SSM框架的相关依赖:
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>5.3.21</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.3.21</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>5.3.21</version>
</dependency>
<!-- MyBatis -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis</artifactId>
<version>3.5.9</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-spring</artifactId>
<version>2.0.7</version>
</dependency>
<!-- MySQL -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>8.0.29</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Servlet API -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- JSTL -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Jackson -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>2.13.3</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Log4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
<version>2.17.2</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
在开始设计数据库之前,我们需要明确系统的需求。假设我们要开发一个简单的员工管理系统,系统需要实现以下功能:
根据需求分析,我们可以设计出以下ER图:
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Employee | | Department |
+-------------+ +-------------+
| id |<------>| id |
| name | | name |
| email | | description |
| phone | +-------------+
| department_id|
+-------------+
根据ER图,我们可以设计出以下表结构:
Employee表
字段名 | 类型 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
id | INT | 主键,自增 |
name | VARCHAR(50) | 员工姓名 |
VARCHAR(100) | 员工邮箱 | |
phone | VARCHAR(20) | 员工电话 |
department_id | INT | 部门ID |
Department表
字段名 | 类型 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
id | INT | 主键,自增 |
name | VARCHAR(50) | 部门名称 |
description | VARCHAR(255) | 部门描述 |
在src/main/resources/spring
目录下创建applicationContext.xml
文件,配置Spring的核心功能:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- 扫描注解 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.example"/>
<!-- 配置数据源 -->
<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/employee_management?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC"/>
<property name="username" value="root"/>
<property name="password" value="password"/>
</bean>
<!-- 配置MyBatis -->
<bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
<property name="mapperLocations" value="classpath*:mybatis/*.xml"/>
</bean>
<!-- 配置Mapper扫描 -->
<bean class="org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperScannerConfigurer">
<property name="basePackage" value="com.example.dao"/>
</bean>
<!-- 配置事务管理器 -->
<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
</bean>
<!-- 开启事务注解 -->
<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
</beans>
在src/main/resources/spring
目录下创建spring-mvc.xml
文件,配置Spring MVC的相关功能:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- 扫描控制器 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.example.controller"/>
<!-- 配置视图解析器 -->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/"/>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>
<!-- 开启注解驱动 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<!-- 静态资源处理 -->
<mvc:resources mapping="/static/**" location="/static/"/>
</beans>
在src/main/resources/mybatis
目录下创建mybatis-config.xml
文件,配置MyBatis的相关功能:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE configuration
PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Config 3.0//EN"
"http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-config.dtd">
<configuration>
<settings>
<setting name="mapUnderscoreToCamelCase" value="true"/>
</settings>
</configuration>
在src/main/java/com/example/entity
目录下创建Employee.java
和Department.java
实体类:
package com.example.entity;
public class Employee {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private String email;
private String phone;
private Integer departmentId;
// Getters and Setters
}
public class Department {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private String description;
// Getters and Setters
}
在src/main/java/com/example/dao
目录下创建EmployeeMapper.java
和DepartmentMapper.java
接口:
package com.example.dao;
import com.example.entity.Employee;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.*;
import java.util.List;
public interface EmployeeMapper {
@Select("SELECT * FROM employee")
List<Employee> findAll();
@Select("SELECT * FROM employee WHERE id = #{id}")
Employee findById(Integer id);
@Insert("INSERT INTO employee(name, email, phone, department_id) VALUES(#{name}, #{email}, #{phone}, #{departmentId})")
@Options(useGeneratedKeys = true, keyProperty = "id")
void insert(Employee employee);
@Update("UPDATE employee SET name = #{name}, email = #{email}, phone = #{phone}, department_id = #{departmentId} WHERE id = #{id}")
void update(Employee employee);
@Delete("DELETE FROM employee WHERE id = #{id}")
void delete(Integer id);
}
public interface DepartmentMapper {
@Select("SELECT * FROM department")
List<Department> findAll();
@Select("SELECT * FROM department WHERE id = #{id}")
Department findById(Integer id);
@Insert("INSERT INTO department(name, description) VALUES(#{name}, #{description})")
@Options(useGeneratedKeys = true, keyProperty = "id")
void insert(Department department);
@Update("UPDATE department SET name = #{name}, description = #{description} WHERE id = #{id}")
void update(Department department);
@Delete("DELETE FROM department WHERE id = #{id}")
void delete(Integer id);
}
在src/main/java/com/example/service
目录下创建EmployeeService.java
和DepartmentService.java
接口及其实现类:
package com.example.service;
import com.example.entity.Employee;
import java.util.List;
public interface EmployeeService {
List<Employee> findAll();
Employee findById(Integer id);
void save(Employee employee);
void update(Employee employee);
void delete(Integer id);
}
package com.example.service.impl;
import com.example.dao.EmployeeMapper;
import com.example.entity.Employee;
import com.example.service.EmployeeService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
@Service
public class EmployeeServiceImpl implements EmployeeService {
@Autowired
private EmployeeMapper employeeMapper;
@Override
public List<Employee> findAll() {
return employeeMapper.findAll();
}
@Override
public Employee findById(Integer id) {
return employeeMapper.findById(id);
}
@Override
public void save(Employee employee) {
employeeMapper.insert(employee);
}
@Override
public void update(Employee employee) {
employeeMapper.update(employee);
}
@Override
public void delete(Integer id) {
employeeMapper.delete(id);
}
}
package com.example.service;
import com.example.entity.Department;
import java.util.List;
public interface DepartmentService {
List<Department> findAll();
Department findById(Integer id);
void save(Department department);
void update(Department department);
void delete(Integer id);
}
package com.example.service.impl;
import com.example.dao.DepartmentMapper;
import com.example.entity.Department;
import com.example.service.DepartmentService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
@Service
public class DepartmentServiceImpl implements DepartmentService {
@Autowired
private DepartmentMapper departmentMapper;
@Override
public List<Department> findAll() {
return departmentMapper.findAll();
}
@Override
public Department findById(Integer id) {
return departmentMapper.findById(id);
}
@Override
public void save(Department department) {
departmentMapper.insert(department);
}
@Override
public void update(Department department) {
departmentMapper.update(department);
}
@Override
public void delete(Integer id) {
departmentMapper.delete(id);
}
}
在src/main/java/com/example/controller
目录下创建EmployeeController.java
和DepartmentController.java
控制器类:
”`java package com.example.controller;
import com.example.entity.Employee; import com.example.service.EmployeeService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
@Controller @RequestMapping(“/employee”) public class EmployeeController { @Autowired private EmployeeService employeeService;
@GetMapping("/list")
public String list(Model model) {
List<Employee> employees = employeeService.findAll();
model.addAttribute("employees", employees);
return "employee/list";
}
@GetMapping("/add")
public String addForm(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("employee", new Employee());
return "employee/add";
}
@PostMapping("/add")
public String add(@ModelAttribute Employee employee) {
employeeService.save(employee);
return "redirect:/employee/list";
}
@GetMapping("/edit/{id}")
public String editForm(@PathVariable Integer id, Model model) {
Employee employee = employeeService.findById(id);
model.addAttribute("employee", employee);
return "employee/edit";
}
@PostMapping("/edit")
public String edit(@ModelAttribute Employee employee) {
employeeService.update(employee);
return "redirect:/employee/list";
}
@GetMapping("/delete/{id}")
public String delete(@PathVariable Integer id) {
employeeService.delete(id);
return "redirect:/employee/list";
}
}
package com.example.controller;
import com.example.entity.Department; import com.example.service.DepartmentService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation
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